Purine alkaloid formation in buds and developing leaflets of Coffea arabica: Expression of an optimal defence strategy?

Frischknecht, Peter; Ulmer-Dufek, Jindra; Baumann, Thomas W.

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(86)88009-8

Cited by 120 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Scale in left corner of each document represents 100 μm. In coffee plants, caffeine is actively biosynthesized during leaflet emergence and then decreases when leaves reach their optimal photosynthetic capacity (Frischknecht et al, 1986;Ashihara et al, 1996;. In addition to leaves, the incorporation of 14 CO 2 in caffeine detected in perisperm and pericarp shows that these tissues also synthesize caffeine (Keller et al, 1972;Söndahl and Baumann, 2001).…”

Section: Evolution Of Proteins During Coffee Fruit Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development

Castro

Marraccini

2006

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

144

130

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In commercial coffee species (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora), fruit development is a lengthy process, characterized by tissue changes and evolutions. For example, soon after fecundation and up to mid development, the fruit is mainly constituted of the pericarp and perisperm tissue. Thereafter, the perisperm gradually disappears and is progressively replaced by the endosperm (true seed). Initially present in a "liquid" state, the endosperm hardens as it ripens during the maturation phase, as a result of accumulation of storage proteins, sucrose and complex polysaccharides representing the main reserves of the seed. The last step of maturation is characterized by the dehydration of the endosperm and the color change of the pericarp. Important quantitative and qualitative changes accompany fruit growth, highlighting the importance of its study to better understand the final characteristics of coffee beans. Following a description of the coffee fruit tissues, this review presents some data concerning biochemical, enzymatic and gene expression variations observed during the coffee fruit development. The latter will also be analyzed in the light of recent data (electronic expression profiles) arising from the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project. Key words: Coffea spp, bean development, cell cycle, endosperm, EST, gene expression, pericarp, perisperm.Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development: Em espécies comerciais de café (Coffea arabica e Coffea canephora), o desenvolvimento do fruto de café é um processo longo, caracterizado por mudanças e evoluções nos tecidos. Por exemplo, logo após a fecundação e até a metade do desenvolvimento, o fruto é principalmente constituído pelo pericarpo e perisperma. Em seguida, o perisperma gradualmente desaparece e é progressivamente substituído pelo endosperma (semente verdadeira). Inicialmente o endosperma apresenta-se no estado "líquido", o endosperma endurece durante a fase de maturação, como resultado do acúmulo gradual de proteínas de reserva, sacarose e polissacarídeos complexos representando as principais reservas da semente. O último passo da maturação é caracterizado pela desidratação do endosperma e pela mudança de cor do pericarpo. Importantes alterações quantitativas e qualitativas acompanham o crescimento do fruto, ilustrando a importância do seu estudo para melhor compreender as características finais das sementes de café. Seguindo a descrição dos tecidos do fruto de café, esta revisão apresenta alguns dados relativos às variações bioquímicas, enzimáticas e de expressão gênica durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. A expressão de genes será também analisada em função de dados recentes (perfil de expressão eletrônica) oriundos do Projeto Genoma Brasileiro Café. Palavras-chave: Coffea spp, ciclo celular, desenvolvimento da semente, endosperma, EST, expressão gênica, pericarpo, perisperma. INTRODUCTIONThe Coffea genus contains around 100 species (Charrier and Berthaud, 1985). Within these species, C. arabica (Arabica) and C. canephora (Rob...

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Section: Evolution Of Proteins During Coffee Fruit Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development

Castro

Marraccini

2006

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

144

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It has been proposed that the synthesis of caffeine in buds and leaves of coffee plants is to prevent predation by animals (Frischknecht et al, 1986). reported that caffeine biosynthesis from adenine and guanine was only found in young leaves, but conversion of theobromine and caffeine was found in mature and aged coffee leaves.…”

Section: -Methylxanthine Nucleosidase: N-methylnucleosidasementioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of alkaloids in coffee plants

Ashihara

2006

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

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Coffee beans contain two types of alkaloids, caffeine and trigonelline, as major components. This review describes the distribution and metabolism of these compounds. Caffeine is synthesised from xanthosine derived from purine nucleotides. The major biosynthetic route is xanthosine → 7-methylxanthosine → 7-methylxanthine → theobromine → caffeine. Degradation activity of caffeine in coffee plants is very low, but catabolism of theophylline is always present. Theophylline is converted to xanthine, and then enters the conventional purine degradation pathway. A recent development in caffeine research is the successful cloning of genes of N-methyltransferases and characterization of recombinant proteins of these genes. Possible biotechnological applications are discussed briefly. Trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) is synthesised from nicotinic acid derived from nicotinamide adenine nucleotides. Nicotinate N-methyltransferase (trigonelline synthase) activity was detected in coffee plants, but purification of this enzyme or cloning of the genes of this N-methyltransferase has not yet been reported. The degradation activity of trigonelline in coffee plants is extremely low. Key words: Coffea, caffeine, purine alkaloids, pyridine alkaloids, theobromine, trigonelline. Metabolismo de alcalóides em plantas de café:Sementes de café possuem dois tipos de alcalóides, cafeína e trigonelina, como principais componentes. Esta revisão descreve a distribuição e metabolismo desses compostos. Cafeína é sintetizada a partir da xantosina derivada de nucleotídeos purínicos. A principal rota biossintética é xantosina → 7-metilxantosina → 7-metilxantina → teobromina → cafeína. A atividade de degradação de cafeína em café é muito baixa, mas o catabolismo de teofilina está sempre presente. Teofilina é convertida a xantina, que entra na via convencional de degradação de purinas. Um recente desenvolvimento na pesquisa com cafeína é a clonagem de genes de N-metiltransferases e a caracterização de proteínas recombinantes desses genes. Possíveis aplicações biotecnológicas são discutidas brevemente. Trigonelina (ácido N-metilnicotínico) é sintetizada a partir de ácido nicotínico derivado de nucleotídeos de nicotinamida adenina. Atividade de nicotinato N-metiltransferase (trigonelina sintase) foi detectada em plantas de café, mas a purificação desta enzima ou a clonagem dos genes desta N-metiltransferase ainda não foi relatada na literatura. A atividade de degradação de trigonelina em café é extremamente baixa.

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“…Studies with germinating seedlings have suggested that alkaloid biosynthesis and accumulation are associated with seedling development (Weeks and Bush, 1974;De Luca et al, 1986;Aerts et al, 1994). Studies with mature plants also reveal this type of developmental control (Westekemper et al, 1980;Frischknecht et al, 1986). Furthermore, alkaloid biosynthesis in cell suspension cultures appears to be coordinated with cytodifferentiation (Kutchan et al, 1983;Lindsey and Yeoman, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicellular Compartmentation of Catharanthus roseus Alkaloid Biosynthesis Predicts Intercellular Translocation of a Pathway Intermediate

1999

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In situ RNA hybridization and immunocytochemistry were used to establish the cellular distribution of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Madagascar periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus ). Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and strictosidine synthase (STR1), which are involved in the biosynthesis of the central intermediate strictosidine, and desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase (D4H) and deacetylvindoline 4-O -acetyltransferase (DAT), which are involved in the terminal steps of vindoline biosynthesis, were localized. tdc and str1 mRNAs were present in the epidermis of stems, leaves, and flower buds, whereas they appeared in most protoderm and cortical cells around the apical meristem of root tips. In marked contrast, d4h and dat mRNAs were associated with the laticifer and idioblast cells of leaves, stems, and flower buds. Immunocytochemical localization for TDC, D4H, and DAT proteins confirmed the differential localization of early and late stages of vindoline biosynthesis. Therefore, we concluded that the elaboration of the major leaf alkaloids involves the participation of at least two cell types and requires the intercellular translocation of a pathway intermediate. A basipetal gradient of expression in maturing leaves also was shown for all four genes by in situ RNA hybridization studies and by complementary studies with dissected leaves, suggesting that expression of the vindoline pathway occurs transiently during early leaf development. These results partially explain why attempts to produce vindoline by cell culture technology have failed. INTRODUCTIONThe organs forming the plant body consist of several different cell types that are organized in relation to each other and that confer specific functions to the resulting organ. Each cell type emerges from an undifferentiated meristem according to a sophisticated and partially understood developmental program (Sylvester et al., 1996;von Arnim and Deng, 1996). The commitment to differentiate into specialized structures involves the perception by cells in the meristem of a complex array of signals, which communicate cellular age, position in relation to other cells, and hormonal balance. Environmental factors, such as light and temperature, also play a critical role in modulating these signals throughout the process of organogenesis (Bernier, 1988;Dale, 1988;Sylvester et al., 1996).In addition to morphogenesis, developmental processes result in biochemical specialization of cells for the biosynthesis and/or accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as phenylpropanoids (Ibrahim et al., 1987;Reinold and Hahlbrock, 1997), monoterpenoids (Fahn, 1988;McCaskill et al., 1992), and alkaloids (Robinson, 1974(Robinson, , 1981Nessler and Mahlberg, 1977;Eilert et al., 1985;Hashimoto and Yamada, 1994;Facchini and De Luca, 1995). Studies with germinating seedlings have suggested that alkaloid biosynthesis and accumulation are associated with seedling development (Weeks and Bush, 1974;De Luca et al., 1986;Aerts et al., 1994). Studies with mature plants also reveal this ty...

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Purine alkaloid formation in buds and developing leaflets of Coffea arabica: Expression of an optimal defence strategy?

Cited by 120 publications

References 13 publications

Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development

Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development

Metabolism of alkaloids in coffee plants

Multicellular Compartmentation of Catharanthus roseus Alkaloid Biosynthesis Predicts Intercellular Translocation of a Pathway Intermediate

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