Push-to-pull tensile testing of ultra-strong nanoscale ceramic–polymer composites made by additive manufacturing

Bauer, J.; Schroer, Almut; Schwaiger, Ruth; Tesari, I.; Lange, Christian; Valdevit, Lorenzo; Kraft, O.

doi:10.1016/j.eml.2015.03.006

Cited by 75 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Table 1 provides a full list of the constituent material properties used and the observed scaling parameters; polymer and composite properties can be found in SI Appendix, SI Materials, and Al 2 O 3 properties were taken from refs. [29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials

Meza

Zelhofer

Clarke

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

573

372

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Hierarchically designed structures with architectural features that span across multiple length scales are found in numerous hard biomaterials, like bone, wood, and glass sponge skeletons, as well as manmade structures, like the Eiffel Tower. It has been hypothesized that their mechanical robustness and damage tolerance stem from sophisticated ordering within the constituents, but the specific role of hierarchy remains to be fully described and understood. We apply the principles of hierarchical design to create structural metamaterials from three material systems: (i) polymer, (ii) hollow ceramic, and (iii) ceramic-polymer composites that are patterned into self-similar unit cells in a fractal-like geometry. In situ nanomechanical experiments revealed (i) a nearly theoretical scaling of structural strength and stiffness with relative density, which outperforms existing nonhierarchical nanolattices; (ii) recoverability, with hollow alumina samples recovering up to 98% of their original height after compression to ≥50% strain; (iii) suppression of brittle failure and structural instabilities in hollow ceramic hierarchical nanolattices; and (iv) a range of deformation mechanisms that can be tuned by changing the slenderness ratios of the beams. Additional levels of hierarchy beyond a second order did not increase the strength or stiffness, which suggests the existence of an optimal degree of hierarchy to amplify resilience. We developed a computational model that captures local stress distributions within the nanolattices under compression and explains some of the underlying deformation mechanisms as well as validates the measured effective stiffness to be interpreted as a metamaterial property.H ierarchy is ubiquitous in the natural world; characterizing it, understanding its origins, and discovering its role in enhancing material properties are essential to designing new advanced materials (1-4). Natural structural materials, like Euplectella sponges, radiolarians, and bone, are exceptionally resilient against extreme mechanical environments and seem to draw their robustness from intricate mechanical networks that contain multiple levels of hierarchy (3-7). Hierarchical engineered structures are used in modern architecture, with notable examples being the Eiffel tower and the Garabit viaduct (8); today, hierarchy is seen commonly in construction cranes and building scaffolding. Both natural and engineered structures use the concept of hierarchical design to minimize material use while optimizing structural integrity.The hierarchical scale of a material is defined by its order, which represents the number of distinct structural length scales (2). Design principles and theories describing hierarchical structural materials exist (2, 9), and macroscopic second-and thirdorder 2D cellular solids, like honeycombs (10, 11) and corrugated core sandwich panels (12)(13)(14), have been designed and tested experimentally. Theories that describe the design and optimization of 3D hierarchical trusses have been proposed (15-18)...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials

Meza

Zelhofer

Clarke

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

573

372

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Section: Progress Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the fi nite size of the samples conventional experiments applying tensile stresses are almost impossible to perform. Recently, the Kraft group came up with a sample design, allowing testing under tensile stresses with the same devices used to apply compressive loading: [ 96 ] They present tensile experiments on similar nanoscale alumina-polymer composite bars and cellular microarchitectures as presented above but applying 3D-printed push-to-pull mechanisms (see Figure 5 g). Here, the experimentally required modifi cations of the compressive loading setup are directly implemented via sample design.…”

Section: Progress Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐Dimensional μ‐Printing: An Enabling Technology

Hohmann

Renner

Waller

et al. 2015

Advanced Optical Materials

155

102

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functional elements, chiral photonic crystals, photonic metamaterials and quasicrystals. With this technology becoming commercially available, [ 1 ] many novel ideas have been realized by scientists around the world. Some of these developments can already be seen as new research areas enabled by 3D µ-printing.Many excellent reviews of the underlying technology have recently been published, and we give here just a short selection. [2][3][4][5] With the present progress report we want to summarize the tremendous technological development during the last fi ve years as well as to give an overview over some vastly growing research fi elds enabled by this development. As the number of research papers based on 3D µ-printing as enabling technology is exploding, we intend to categorize the most recent developments to identify future research directions and possible novel fi elds for the years to come. Recent Technological Advances in 3D µ-PrintingFrom the fi rst proof-of-principle in 1997, [ 6 ] the µ-printing community has continuously been expanding the structuring capabilities of µ-printing systems overcoming limitations such as structuring speed, sample volume, complicated pre and post processing, as well as minimum feature size and resolution. Progress is made along two directions: First, extending the aforementioned benchmarks of µ-printing systems. Second, techniques that move µ-printed structures towards functional devices. These two directions obviously are intertwined and require interdisciplinary research efforts on new photocurable materials, complex light-matter interaction, reaction kinetics as well as processes on a molecular level infl uencing structure formation. The most infl uential technological advances are summarized in this section.Section 2.1. covers recent work leading to a tremendous increase of the capabilities of µ-printing systems. Section 2.2. describes superresolution concepts exploiting light-matter interactions to achieve smaller feature sizes and higher structural resolution. Section 2.3. reviews spatial light modulator (SLM) based laser lithography providing additional degrees of freedom by shaping the wavefront of the laser beam. Laser Sources, Scanning Devices, and Writing GeometryThe high complexity of ultrafast fs-lasers drives the community to look for alternative laser sources, leading to cost and In this progress report the development of three-dimensional µ-printing and its impact as an enabling technology onto different scientifi c fi elds is reviewed. Driven by direct laser writing via two-photon absorption, the technology has reached a level of maturity and ease of application such that 3D printing on the micrometer scale can now be considered. While the underlying technology is still developing towards higher resolution and increasing speed of fabrication, the last fi ve years have seen new fi elds rising that were obviously enabled by 3D µ-printing. Among the recent technological developments discussed in this progress report are the fi elds of super-resolution lithography ...

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“…The strength of these core-shell polymer-ceramic composites is estimated to be of the order of GPa. [15] The effective strength of these metamaterials reaches up to several 100 MPa.…”

Section: Dynamic Mass Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13][14][15] The fabrication of these metamaterials has become possible by three-dimensional dip-in direct laser writing of polymer templates. [16] Subsequently, these templates are coated via atomic-layer deposition of alumina, with layer thicknesses in the range of 10-100 nm.…”

Section: Dynamic Mass Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrant times for mechanical metamaterials

Christensen¹,

et al. 2015

Self Cite

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Metamaterials are man-made designer matter that obtains its unusual effective properties by structure rather than chemistry. Building upon the success of electromagnetic and acoustic metamaterials, researchers working on mechanical metamaterials strive at obtaining extraordinary or extreme elasticity tensors and mass-density tensors to thereby mold static stress fields or the flow of longitudinal/transverse elastic vibrations in unprecedented ways. In this prospective paper, we focus on recent advances and remaining challenges in this emerging field. Examples are ultralight-weight, negative mass density, negative modulus, pentamode, anisotropic mass density, Origami, nonlinear, bistable, and reprogrammable mechanical metamaterials.

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Push-to-pull tensile testing of ultra-strong nanoscale ceramic–polymer composites made by additive manufacturing

Cited by 75 publications

References 26 publications

Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials

Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials

Three‐Dimensional μ‐Printing: An Enabling Technology

Vibrant times for mechanical metamaterials

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