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The polymer injection is part of the tertiary methods used to enhance the oil recovery when the conventional water flooding is not efficient. The addition of polymer in low concentration can delay the breakthrough of the injected phase and improve the sweep and displacement efficiencies. The use of a biopolymer is an environmentally friendly alternative to take advantage of the properties of the polymeric solutions using biodegradable additives.On the other hand, the combination of chemical EOR methods with nanotechnology has received lots of attention due to the advantages of the nanoparticles in the reductions of the interfacial tension and contact angle, which can contribute to residual oil mobilization.This experimental study evaluates a workflow to design a biopolymer fluid for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, from fluid characterization to core flooding tests, using water-wet porous media. Three criteria were applied to evaluate the biopolymers used in this study. In the first part, the fluids were tested in terms of fluid-fluid and fluid-solid performance.In the second part (microfluidic approach), the fluids were evaluated in three scenarios, combining the inclusion of different polymer and silica nanoparticles in the solution to be injected. In the last step of the methodology, the solution with the best performance was evaluated in a core flooding test.The fluids characterization showed that biopolymer's content did not affect the ability of the nanoparticles to reduce the interfacial tension and make the surface more waterwet. Additionally, the biopolymers reduced the aggregation of nanoparticles in the solution.Also, the viscosity of the solutions was not affected by the interaction of the biopolymers with the silica nanoparticles. The micromodel test performed with the nanoparticles-assisted Xanthan showed the smallest oil clusters and the highest ultimate oil recovery compared to the Xanthan Gum, Scleroglucan, brine, and nanofluid floodings. Finally, a core flooding test was run to evaluate Xanthan Gum flooding on oil recovery. As a result, the oil production was slightly anticipated, but water breakthrough delay was not evident. At the end of both processes, the polymeric solution increases the ultimate oil recovery factor by 9.4% when compared to conventional water injection.
The polymer injection is part of the tertiary methods used to enhance the oil recovery when the conventional water flooding is not efficient. The addition of polymer in low concentration can delay the breakthrough of the injected phase and improve the sweep and displacement efficiencies. The use of a biopolymer is an environmentally friendly alternative to take advantage of the properties of the polymeric solutions using biodegradable additives.On the other hand, the combination of chemical EOR methods with nanotechnology has received lots of attention due to the advantages of the nanoparticles in the reductions of the interfacial tension and contact angle, which can contribute to residual oil mobilization.This experimental study evaluates a workflow to design a biopolymer fluid for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, from fluid characterization to core flooding tests, using water-wet porous media. Three criteria were applied to evaluate the biopolymers used in this study. In the first part, the fluids were tested in terms of fluid-fluid and fluid-solid performance.In the second part (microfluidic approach), the fluids were evaluated in three scenarios, combining the inclusion of different polymer and silica nanoparticles in the solution to be injected. In the last step of the methodology, the solution with the best performance was evaluated in a core flooding test.The fluids characterization showed that biopolymer's content did not affect the ability of the nanoparticles to reduce the interfacial tension and make the surface more waterwet. Additionally, the biopolymers reduced the aggregation of nanoparticles in the solution.Also, the viscosity of the solutions was not affected by the interaction of the biopolymers with the silica nanoparticles. The micromodel test performed with the nanoparticles-assisted Xanthan showed the smallest oil clusters and the highest ultimate oil recovery compared to the Xanthan Gum, Scleroglucan, brine, and nanofluid floodings. Finally, a core flooding test was run to evaluate Xanthan Gum flooding on oil recovery. As a result, the oil production was slightly anticipated, but water breakthrough delay was not evident. At the end of both processes, the polymeric solution increases the ultimate oil recovery factor by 9.4% when compared to conventional water injection.
The horizontal wells drilled during the last few years are coming to a mature state in different fields and locations. Even the existing vertical wells are being converted to horizontal for better oil sweep and productivity. This has created the requirement to evaluate the production performance of horizontal wells to determine water source for proper monitoring and/or a remedial action.The conventional conveyance methods for the horizontal production logging tool (PLT) are either coiled tubing (CT) or E-line using a tractor. These methods satisfactorily perform in conventional horizontal wells, however, operational limitations and challenges could be encountered when the horizontal section is more complicated due to extended reach, big and inconsistent washouts and high dogleg severity. These types of challenges can prevent the passage of the logging tools to the desired depth. This has an adverse effect on both data quality and accessibility to the well's total depth (TD). Accordingly, a lot of effort is being exerted by oil companies, service providers and vendors to improve the conveying performance of logging tools using wireline tractors.An electro-hydraulic tractor with wheels was introduced and deployed for the first time in the world using mono-cable logging tractor technology into several horizontal open hole wells in a Saudi Arabian field. The wells were drilled in a carbonate formation with long horizontal sections and were producing at high rates. This tool was run as an integral part with the logging tool to help cover the entire horizontal section and reach TD while logging.The logging jobs using this new technique were completed safely and successfully at flowing and shut-in conditions. At flowing condition, the logging tool was successfully conveyed to TD and measurements were made over the entire horizontal section with the help of the tractor. The well was logged at different choke settings while measurements were taken at down passes (while tractoring) and up passes. The tractor was running at a constant speed and was able to pass a long washout of around 9" in diameter. The data analysis showed very acceptable measurements. This paper will describe the case histories, challenges, planning, deployment and advantages/disadvantages of this type of tractor.
Well X is a horizontal oil producer in AB-3 formation of the B field situated in the RJ-ON-90/1 block of Western India. Intervention in a horizontal well is inherently challenging, but the complex completion equipment of this well imposed additional challenges due to multiple ID changes along the well bore. The 8.5" OH section is completed with Inflow Control Device (ICD) screens and Swell Packers, middle completion consists of Packer and a Reservoir Control Valve (RCV) section set in the 9-5/8" production casing. Finally with 4.5" production tubing – and the production packer, upper completion was lowered but end of tubing was lying 8 m above the RCV section exposing 9-5/8" casing section also during any intervention. After the initial completion when well was put online, it couldn’t flow naturally and was activated with nitrogen. Post activation it was observed that a well with 500 m of clean sand along the lateral section and productivity index (PI) of 150 b/d/psi was flowing with a PI of ~ 10 b/d/psi which also was not sustained and well was put on artificial lift. After attempting various stimulation techniques and correlating with offset wells, it was decided to perforate the screen section of the horizontal. E-line conveyed Tractor assisted gun deployment system was selected to access the high angle well bore and perforate the screens. Apart from high deviation, the intervention unfriendly completion posed a major challenge to successfully RIH and POOH without a stuck tool or a tool lost-in-hole (LIH) situation. Extensive job planning, designing, and intervention modeling was completed before attempting the operation. The perforation job was carried out as a pilot test in 6 m of the 500 m OH section and resulted in ~ 1500 bopd of incremental oil in the initial well production. Analysis of the entire pilot project from the economics, technology and opportunity triangle, demonstrated the value of the technology and its usefulness in the future. The paper endeavors to discuss the entire case while detailing the salient features like candidate selection, job designing and planning, challenges involved and lessons learnt during the successful execution of the intervention, also making it first of its kind horizontal perforation in the India. The learning and information shared will surely be useful in future to all such planned interventions into a high angle well especially during critical jobs like perforation.
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