Putative Anti-Immobility Action of Acute Insulin Is Attributable to an Increase in Locomotor Activity in Healthy Wistar Rats

Gutiérrez-García, Ana G.; Contreras, Carlos M.

doi:10.1159/000515141

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 75 publications

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“…In females, the secretion and sensitivity of insulin is higher than in males [34], but the metabolism of glucose is constant during the menstrual cycle [35], without any relationship with premenstrual syndrome [36]. Therefore, the influence of the estrous cycle on glycemia may be considered minimal relative to the influence of other treatments [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety Constitutes an Early Sign of Acute Hypoglycemia

García

Contreras

2022

Neuropsychobiology

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Introduction: Research in humans has identified a link between hypoglycemia and anxiety. The present study examined anxiety-like behaviors in rats that were subjected to hypoglycemia that was produced by an acute injection of insulin. Healthy female Wistar rats were subjected to a battery of tests to explore anxiety (elevated plus maze) and locomotion (open field test). Methods: The control (CT) group received 0.9% saline (3 mL/kg, p.o.). Three other groups received 50% glucose (3 mL/kg, p.o.), insulin (0.1 UI, s.c.), or insulin + glucose (normalized glycemia [NG] group). Results: Normal glycemic values were found in the CT and NG groups. Therefore, a single control (CT-NG) group was formed for statistical comparisons. The highest glycemic value was found in the glucose-induced hyperglycemia group. The lowest glycemic value was found in the insulin-induced hypoglycemia group. In the open field test, the most significant change was a higher number of rearings in the hypoglycemia group. In the elevated plus maze test, the CT-NG group and hyperglycemia groups exhibited similar behavior, whereas the hypoglycemia group spent a shorter time on the open arms and a longer time on the closed arms and had the highest Anxiety Index. Hyperglycemia is a typical characteristic of diabetes. Insulin normalizes glycemia. In the present study, insulin produced anxiety only when it produced hypoglycemia. Conclusion: The main effect of acute hypoglycemia is anxiety, which may be considered an early sign of hypoglycemia in an allostatic process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety Constitutes an Early Sign of Acute Hypoglycemia

García

Contreras

2022

Neuropsychobiology

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The effect of SSRIs on unconditioned anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies

Heesbeen,

van Kampen,

Verdouw

et al. 2024

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first choice of treatment for anxiety-like disorders. However, which aspects of anxiety are affected by SSRIs is not yet fully understood. Objective We aimed to systematically review the effect of six clinically effective SSRIs on four aspects of unconditioned anxiety: approach-avoidance behaviour (elevated plus maze), repetitive behaviour (marble burying), distress behaviour (ultrasonic vocalization), and activation of the autonomous nervous system (stress-induced hyperthermia). Methods We identified publications by searching Medline and Embase databases and assessed the risk of bias. A random effects meta-analysis was performed and moderator effects were analysed with Bayesian penalized meta-regression. Results Our search yielded 105 elevated plus maze, 63 marble burying, 11 ultrasonic vocalization, and 7 stress-induced hyperthermia articles. Meta-analysis suggested that SSRIs reduce anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze, marble burying and ultrasonic vocalization test and that effects are moderated by pre-existing stress conditions (elevated plus maze) and dose dependency (marble burying) but not by duration of treatment or type of SSRI. The reporting quality was low, publication bias was likely, and heterogeneity was high. Conclusion SSRIs seem to reduce a broad range of unconditioned anxiety-associated behaviours. These results should be interpreted with caution due to a high risk of bias, likely occurrence of publication bias, substantial heterogeneity and limited moderator data availability. Our review demonstrates the importance of including bias assessments when interpreting meta-analysis results. We further recommend improving the reporting quality, the conduct of animal research, and the publication of all results regardless of significance.

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Insulin and fluoxetine produce opposite actions on lateral septal nucleus–infralimbic region connection responsivity

Contreras

Gutiérrez-García²

2023

Behavioural Brain Research

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Putative Anti-Immobility Action of Acute Insulin Is Attributable to an Increase in Locomotor Activity in Healthy Wistar Rats

Cited by 4 publications

References 75 publications

Anxiety Constitutes an Early Sign of Acute Hypoglycemia

Anxiety Constitutes an Early Sign of Acute Hypoglycemia

The effect of SSRIs on unconditioned anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies

Insulin and fluoxetine produce opposite actions on lateral septal nucleus–infralimbic region connection responsivity

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