Putting appraisal in context: Toward a relational model of appraisal and emotion

Smith, Craig A.; Kirby, Leslie D.

doi:10.1080/02699930902860386

Cited by 178 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…One of the most basic and fundamental judgments people make about events is whether and to what extent they are relevant or important for their well-being (Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003;Lazarus & Folkman, 1984;Kirby, 2009 and. Our prior research demonstrates that temporal distancing shapes appraisals of importance by leading people to view a variety of stressful events as impermanent, trivial, or even irrelevant in the bigger picture of their lives.…”

Section: Temporal Appraisalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress.

Bruehlman-Senecal¹,

Ayduk²

2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Professor Ozlem N Ayduk, Chair Does the time perspective people adopt when reflecting on stressful events influence how they respond emotionally to these events? If so, through what cognitive pathway(s) does it have this effect? Part 1 of my dissertation examined these questions in a series of seven studies. Studies 1a, 1b, and 2 tested the hypothesis that adopting a distant-future perspective on recent stressors (relative to a near-future or control perspective) reduces emotional distress, examining four potential mediators of this effect. Study 3 built upon the prior studies by investigating whether their findings apply to a new domain and affect longer-term outcomes. Studies 4-6 centered on a key cognitive mechanism that helped to account for the distress-reducing properties of temporal distancing across our first three studies-impermanence focus. Studies 4 and 5 examined whether individual differences in impermanence focus predicted emotional reactions to negative events in a manner similar to adopting a distant-future perspective. Study 6 manipulated impermanence focus to test whether it affected emotional reactions to stressors in a manner parallel to adopting a distant-future perspective.Part 2 of my dissertation examined boundary conditions of the buffering effects of temporal distancing-exploring conditions under which temporal distancing might amplify rather than reduce emotional distress. However, very few moderators of the link between temporal distancing and reduced distress were found, and those that were identified were weak. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that temporal distancing plays an important role in emotional coping with negative events, and that it does so by directing individuals' attention to the impermanent aspects of these events. Moreover, temporal distancing appears to be a strategy that effectively reduces the distress associated with a wide variety of stressors, for a broad range of individuals.i Acknowledgements

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Section: Temporal Appraisalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress.

Bruehlman-Senecal¹,

Ayduk²

2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…We focus on the ways of coping that individuals see as an option instead of their actual coping behavior. With these options, the person evaluates in what way the problematic emotional experience can be solved or the consequences can be mitigated (Folkman et al 1986;Smith and Kirby 2009). By measuring the various coping options, we can examine the efforts non-lonely consider for coping with loneliness and compare them with those of people who have experience with loneliness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping options and loneliness: how are they related?

Tilburg²,

2015

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We examine the extent to which coping options endorsed by older adults help alleviate loneliness, and experiences with loneliness influence the coping options. Two ways of coping are distinguished: problem-focused, i.e., improving one's relationships, and emotion-focused, i.e., lowering one's expectations about relationships. Loneliness is assessed using three observations over 6 years among 1,033 61-to 99-year-old respondents in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Combining the first two observations yielded four loneliness types: not lonely at T0 and T1, recently lonely, persistently lonely, and recovered from loneliness. Between the second and third observations, respondents were asked to evaluate which coping options lonely peers described in various vignettes had. From this, individual coping scores were calculated. The option to improve relationships did not affect the likelihood of one's own loneliness, and the option to lower expectations even increased it. Compared to non-lonely respondents, recently lonely ones endorsed both ways of coping equally frequently, persistently lonely ones endorsed improving relationships less frequently and lowering expectations more frequently and recovered respondents endorsed improving relationships equally frequently and lowering expectations more frequently. We conclude that considering various ways of coping does not help alleviate loneliness and that persistently lonely and recovered respondents are at risk of a circular process with loneliness experiences resulting in considering lowering expectations more frequently, which results in a greater likelihood of loneliness, thus contributing to sustaining or re-establishing loneliness.

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“…Failure is generally appraised as threatening to one's goals and associated with aversive consequences, which can result in negative emotions or psychological stress (e.g., Sagar, Lavallee, & Spray, 2007). Negative emotions prompt individuals to employ coping strategies to deal with the stressor (Smith & Kirby, 2009). …”

Section: Appraisalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coping strategies occur in the form of problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and avoidance-focused coping strategies that aim to control the stressor or its effects (Lazarus, 2000). Problem-focused coping refers to a person's ability to act and change the situation to be more congruent with personal goals (Smith & Kirby, 2009). …”

Section: Copingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Developmental Importance of Success and Failure Experiences at Summer Camp

Wilson

Sibthorp

2017

JYD

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Young people can learn from success and failure. Such experiences are useful in developing skills (e.g., perseverance and coping), and remain essential facets of youth programming. However, success and failure can also impede development. Appraisal theory has been used widely to examine youths' experiences with success and failure in school and sport, yet summer camps represent an important setting where success and failure may look and feel different. In camp settings success or failure are often more subjective and less dependent on objective performance indicators such as grades, wins, or losses. Because of these contextual differences, little is known about youth experiences with success and failure at summer camp. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to use summer camp as a context to describe youths' appraisals of success and failure experiences and the associated development. Findings explain how success and failure at camp can contribute to the positive development of selfefficacy, effective coping, and perseverance. Furthermore, some youth exhibit unproductive responses to failure at camp which may obstruct opportunities for growth. Implications for practice are recommended to help camp staff support young people through failure experiences and to maximize the positive developmental potential of both failure and success at camp.

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Putting appraisal in context: Toward a relational model of appraisal and emotion

Cited by 178 publications

References 46 publications

This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress.

This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress.

Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping options and loneliness: how are they related?

The Developmental Importance of Success and Failure Experiences at Summer Camp

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