Putting Crohn’s on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease

Agrawal, Gaurav; Aitken, John; Hamblin, Harrison; Collins, Michael T.; Borody, Thomas J.

doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06653-0

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 81 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The incidence of NTM disease in humans has increased dramatically over the past thirty years worldwide [ 26 ], and the majority of human NTM infections have been attributed to the M. avium complex [ 26 ]. Many reports also suggest that MAP may be an etiological factor in Crohn’s disease in humans [ 27 ]; however, it should be noted that these patients often fail to show improvement after anti-tuberculosis therapy [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MIRU-VNTR Typing of Atypical Mycobacteria Isolated from the Lymph Nodes of Slaughtered Pigs from Poland

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

No regulations currently require the excision of lymph nodes from pig carcasses or the thermal processing of pork before consumption. Therefore, the presence of anatomopathological lesions with signs of coagulation necrosis in lymph nodes from pigs during post-mortem inspection is concerning, as is the increasing incidence of mycobacteriosis in humans. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to verify whether mycobacteria can be isolated from tuberculous-like lesions in mandibular lymph nodes in slaughtered pigs, and whether further molecular analysis based on MIRU-VNRT, used to identify mycobacteria from the Mycobacterium avium complex, can indicate zoonotic potential. Forty of the fifty isolates from the lymph nodes with signs of coagulation necrosis were classified as Mycobacterium avium complex. MIRU-VNTR analysis allowed for the isolation of six strains, one of which was classified as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Our findings confirm the presence of atypical mycobacteria in the lymph nodes of slaughtered pigs. While the isolated strains (other than MAP) do not pose a significant or direct health risk to consumers, further research and monitoring are necessary. Atypical mycobacteria can cause a wide range of diseases in children and compromised adults, and often show resistance to many classes of antibiotics, including those used to treat tuberculosis.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MIRU-VNTR Typing of Atypical Mycobacteria Isolated from the Lymph Nodes of Slaughtered Pigs from Poland

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This subspecies also infects animals in the wild such as red deer, rabbits, or buffalo which raises serious ecological concerns [ 28 ]. In humans, MAP has been associated with a long list of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: Crohn’s disease, sarcoidosis, Blau syndrome, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Parkinson’s disease [ 26 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The inhalation of aerosolized MAP-contaminated manure by women in the first four weeks of pregnancy, and intrauterine transmission to the embryo, may be responsible for the development of anencephaly in the fetus.…”

Section: T1d and Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected Facts on Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Type 1 Diabetes

Ozana

Hruška

Sechi

2022

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Civilization factors are responsible for the increasing of human exposure to mycobacteria from environment, water, and food during the last few decades. Urbanization, lifestyle changes and new technologies in the animal and plant industry are involved in frequent contact of people with mycobacteria. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial polygenic disease; its origin is conditioned by the mutual interaction of genetic and other factors. The environmental factors and certain pathogenetic pathways are shared by some immune mediated chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, which are associated with triggers originating mainly from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, an intestinal pathogen which persists in the environment. Type 1 diabetes and some other chronic inflammatory diseases thus pose the global health problem which could be mitigated by measures aimed to decrease the human exposure to this neglected zoonotic mycobacterium.

show abstract

“…In one of the IBDs, Crohn's disease, an antibiotic combination targeting Mycobacterium avian subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection has been reported to lead to long-term disease remission [147][148][149][150][151]. Agrawal et al [149] discuss recent promising data and addresses several common objections regarding MAP's role, making a compelling case for the involvement of MAP or similar species. It has also been suggested that other CIDs might be caused by MAP [152].…”

Section: Chronic Inflammatory Disease Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Post-hunter-gatherer Era Microbes Hypothesis for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Waterhouse¹

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article proposes an extension of the hygiene hypothesis to explain chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) and their increase with westernization. Instead of emphasizing microbes that are missing/reduced due to westernization, a hypothesis is proposed that emphasizes the importance of microbes that are relatively novel. Environmental microbes encountered in association with a pre-agricultural lifestyle would presumably be the most coevolved with the human immune system and thus less likely to promote chronic disease. Post-hunter-gatherer era microbes (PHMs) are microbes that are encountered more frequently and/or at higher levels since humans ceased to live as nomadic hunter-gatherers. It is hypothesized that some PHMs, particularly those increasing with westernization, colonize human tissues and dysregulate/suppress the immune system. This hypothesized colonization of PHMs could cause allergy/hypersensitivity reactions leading to physiological stress, attacks on self-tissue, hypersensitivity reactions to similar cross-reacting environmental microbes and other allergens/antigens, greater vulnerability to diverse infections (e.g., COVID-19) and CIDs. Low-level colonization with diverse PHMs could explain high levels of comorbidities among CIDs, allergic responses to self-tissue (auto allergy), allergies to varied microbial taxa and allergen-initiated stress effects. Allergic reactions and the stress they cause might be adaptive by promoting expulsion and avoidance of potentially dangerous microbes. This is consistent with the observation that selective IgE deficiency leads to increased levels of diseases such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media and autoimmune disease. PHMs that could be related to CIDs include microbes in tobacco smoke, increased Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus that occurs in some situations, and increased exposure to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Yersinia spp. Additionally, fungi that tolerate multiple extreme environments have been found to be more likely to be opportunistic pathogens. This might suggest that microbes associated with human-created novel and extreme environments (e.g., antibiotics, xenobiotics) would have an increased ability to colonize and persist in humans. The PHM hypothesis could help explain contradictory findings on diet, why many chronic inflammatory diseases resemble chronic infections and why stress and xenobiotics are associated with CID incidence and exacerbations. Four foundations and 11 related hypotheses are discussed. Examples discussed include sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, long-term COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease.

show abstract

Putting Crohn’s on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease

Cited by 36 publications

References 81 publications

MIRU-VNTR Typing of Atypical Mycobacteria Isolated from the Lymph Nodes of Slaughtered Pigs from Poland

MIRU-VNTR Typing of Atypical Mycobacteria Isolated from the Lymph Nodes of Slaughtered Pigs from Poland

Neglected Facts on Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Type 1 Diabetes

The Post-hunter-gatherer Era Microbes Hypothesis for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About