Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids: A Comprehensive Review of Natural Occurring Compounds and Their Synthetic Derivatives

Abstract

This comprehensive scientific review provides an in-depth analysis of both the natural compounds, pyrethrins, and their synthetic derivatives, pyrethroids, focusing on their classification, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, general and pharmaceutical uses, as well as their toxicity and environmental impact. Pyrethrins, derived from certain plant species, have long been recognized for their potent insecticidal properties. The review begins by examining the classification of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, elucidating their structural characteristics and unique features within the field of natural and synthetic compounds. The biosynthetic pathways responsible for producing pyrethrins in plants are discussed, highlighting the enzymatic reactions and genetic regulation involved. In addition, the synthesis of pyrethroid derivatives is explored, including both natural and synthetic sources and potential optimization strategies. Understanding the mechanisms of action by which pyrethrins and pyrethroids exert their insecticidal effects is a crucial aspect of this review. Complex interactions with the nervous systems of target organisms are examined, providing insights into their selective toxicity and modes of action. In addition, the various applications of these compounds are explored, from their use in agriculture for pest control to their incorporation into household insecticides and potential pharmaceutical applications. The review also critically evaluates the potential toxicity of pyrethrins and pyrethroids to human health. By consolidating current knowledge and research findings, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the properties and applications of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, highlighting their benefits and risks, and the importance of responsible and sustainable use in various areas.

Efficiency of Botanical and Chemical Pesticides on the Control of Field Insect Pests under Cowpea Production

“…[56]. Like other class II synthetic pyrethroids, an alpha-cyano group attached to the benzylic carbon in cypermethrin synergizes its toxicity [55] [56]. As reviewed by [55], pyrethroids antagonize sodium voltage-dependent channels (SVDC) in insects.…”

“…Like other class II synthetic pyrethroids, an alpha-cyano group attached to the benzylic carbon in cypermethrin synergizes its toxicity [55] [56]. As reviewed by [55], pyrethroids antagonize sodium voltage-dependent channels (SVDC) in insects. Furthermore, [55] shows that SVDC and potassium voltage-dependent channels (PVDC) are necessary for the movement of Na + and K + across the membrane, resulting in electrical impulses trailing along the neurons.…”

“…As reviewed by [55], pyrethroids antagonize sodium voltage-dependent channels (SVDC) in insects. Furthermore, [55] shows that SVDC and potassium voltage-dependent channels (PVDC) are necessary for the movement of Na + and K + across the membrane, resulting in electrical impulses trailing along the neurons. The antagonism of SVDC downs the peak of Na+ ions and prolongs the SVDC opening time, all of which cripple neurotransmission [55].…”

“…Furthermore, [55] shows that SVDC and potassium voltage-dependent channels (PVDC) are necessary for the movement of Na + and K + across the membrane, resulting in electrical impulses trailing along the neurons. The antagonism of SVDC downs the peak of Na+ ions and prolongs the SVDC opening time, all of which cripple neurotransmission [55]. When the insect absorbs the insecticide molecule through the cuticle, the neurotransmission ceases, gets paralyzed, and dies within a few seconds or minutes [55].…”

“…The antagonism of SVDC downs the peak of Na+ ions and prolongs the SVDC opening time, all of which cripple neurotransmission [55]. When the insect absorbs the insecticide molecule through the cuticle, the neurotransmission ceases, gets paralyzed, and dies within a few seconds or minutes [55].…”