Pyrethroids and piperonyl-butoxide affect human T-lymphocytes in vitro

Immunotoxicity in mice induced by short-term exposure to methoxychlor, parathion, or piperonyl butoxide

“…Piperonyl butoxide is an agricultural insecticide synergist used mainly with pyrethroids (Carson et al, 1988;Mitsumori et al, 1996;Emerson et al, 2001). Recent evidence suggests that piperonyl butoxide administration depletes T-lymphocytes in the spleen and thymus, induces hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation in lymphoid tissues (Mitsumori et al, 1996;Diel et al, 1999;Battaglia et al, 2010). For in vitro studies, parathion was dissolved in DMSO to 0.1% (w/v).…”

“…Based on the EPA guideline (1998), mice are a model species recommended for use in immunotoxicity studies that test effects of agricultural chemicals (see as was done in Casale et al, 1984;Diel et al, 1999;Battaglia et al, 2010). Furthermore, for the immunotoxicity study, only one gender needed to be evaluated; in general, female animals are considered to yield more consistent outcomes than are male counterparts during evaluation of effects from test articles on host humoral immune responses.…”

Synthesis and Physiological Activities of Monoterpene Carboxylic Acid Esters with Pyrones

“…Also, for (1a), (1b), and (1c) the abundance-ratio of the Eform to Z-form was confirmed to be 6:4 from the 1 H-NMR analysis. 164.67 (C (1) ), 162.44 (C (1') ), 158.79 (C (2') ), 153.53 (C (3) ), 138.13 (C (7) ), 132.42 (C (3') ), 122.46 (C (6) ), 116.51 (C (2) ), 113.01 (C (5') ), 41.13 (C (4) ), 25.90 (C (5) ), 25.61 (C (9) ), 19.34 (C (8) ), 17.68 (C (10) ), 15.01 (C (7') ) Z -form 171.96 (C (4') ), 165.10 (C (1) ), 162.44 (C (1') ), 158.79 (C (2') ), 153.53 (C (3) ), 138.13 (C (7) ), 131.97 (C (3') ), 123.09 (C (6) ), 116.51 (C (2) ), 113.75 (C (5') ), 41.13 (C (4) ), 26.62 (C (5) ), 25.68 (C (9) ), 19.34 (C (8) ), 17.59 (C (10) ), 15.01 (C (7') ). (1) ), 163.59 (C (4') ), 162.47 (C (2') ), 161.40 (C (3) ), 137.84 (C (6') ), 132.71 (C (7) ), 122.10 (C (6) ), 113.11 (C (2) ), 106.44 (C (5') ), 101.35 (C (3') ), 41.22 (C (4) ), 25.86 (C (9) ) 25.62 (C (5) ), 20.06 (C (7') ), 19.48 (C (8) ), 17.69 (C (10) ) Z -form 166.78 (C (1) ), 163.06 (C (4') ), 162.47 (C (2') ), 160.95 (C (3) ), 137.84 (C (6') ), 132.71 (C (7) ), 122.66 (C (6) ), 113.67 (C (2) ), 106.42 (C (5') ), 101.33 (C (3') ), 41.22 (C (4) ), 25.86 (C …”

“…among others (5,6,7). The organophosphorus compound type insecticide can have a late-onset neurotoxic effect on a person (8,9).…”

“….62 (C (5) ), 20.06 (C (7') ), 19.48 (C (8) ), 17.59 (C (10) 13 C -NMR (CDCl 3 ) d (ppm) ; E -form 172.14 (C (4') ), 164.54 (C (1) ), 162.75 (C (6') ), 162.01 (C (3) ), 153.68 (C (2') ), 137.34 (C (7) ), 132.42 (C (6) ), 122.49 (C (3') ), 116.42 (C (2) ), 113.11 (C (5') ), 41.13 (C (4) ), 25.69 (C (9) ), 22.20 (C (8) ), 25.60, 19.35 (C (10) ), 17.68 (C (7') ), 10.78 (C (8') ) Z -form 172.09 (C 4' ), 165.60 (C 1 ), 162.58 (C 3 ), 162.01 (C 2' ), 153.68 (CH), 132.42 (C (7) ), 132.34 (C (6) ), 123.10 (C (3') ), 116.42 (C (2) ), 113.80 (C (5') ), 41.13 (C (4) ), 25.69 (CH (9) ), 25.60 (C (5) ), 22.20 (C (8) ), 19.35 (C (10) ), 17.58 (C (7') ), 10.78 (C (8') ). 163.29 (C (6') ), 158.70 (C (10) ),153.61 (C (7) ), 148.24 (C (2') ), 142.35 (C (2) ),138.39 (C (1) ), 128.11 (C (3') ), 116.55 (C (5') ), 109.07 (C (9) ), 39.81 (C (4) ), 31.29 (C (5) ), 26.86 (C (3) ), 24.62 (C (6) ), 20.65 (C (8) …”