Pyridine-NBD: A homocysteine-selective fluorescent probe for glioblastoma (GBM) diagnosis based on a blood test

In Situ Activatable Nitrobenzene–Cysteine–Copper(II) Nano-complexes for Programmed Photodynamic Cancer Therapy

“…This could be attributed to the over-enhanced ROS levels. It has been reported that ROS generation by PDT could stimulate the immune system. − In comparison to the PBS-treated group, the CyP -treated group exhibited increased levels of Endostatin/collagen XVIII, MMP-3, Coagulation Factor III, IL-1a, PEDF, IL-1b, and CD26 proteins, indicating a potential promotion of angiogenesis. However, upon irradiation with light, the protein levels of these angiogenic factors decreased.…”

“…Our research group has primarily focused on developing bioactive materials based on organic–inorganic hybrids to enhance their biocompatibility, disease targeting, and therapeutic efficiency. − Recently, we have focused on nitrobenzene derivatives that can be activated by stimuli such as biomolecules and photoirradiation, − and we designed a way to utilize biomolecule-/photo-reactive nitrobenzene-based metal-coordinated nano-complexes for cancer therapy in this work. Among the metal ions, copper­(II) is particularly noteworthy due to its anti-cancer effect, achieved by depleting GSH .…”

Image‐guided diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma

“…18 Kim et al constructed a fluorescent diagnostic probe (NPO-Pyr) to identify Hcy activity in GBM. 19 On days 7 and 14 after the tumor implantation, the fluorescence intensity in the plasma of NPO-Pyr-treated GBM xenograft mice was significantly higher than that of normal mice. NPO-Pyr is the first probe to monitor Hcy activity in the plasma of GBMxenograft mice, predicting the development of GBM at a relatively early stage.…”

All-Nontoxic Fluorescent Probe for Biothiols and Its Clinical Applications for Real-Time Glioblastoma Visualization

“…38−40 Recently, we introduced an NBD-based fluorescent probe for biothiol sensing with different LG; phenol for cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), pentafluoro-phenol for Cys, and 4-hydroxy-pyridine for Hcy. 41,42 However, it is found that these probes had biological toxicity issues from the LG generated after the reaction with biothiols (Figure 1b). Phenol affiliation used as LG in previous studies is well-known to have both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, penetrate cell membranes easily, and be involved in protein denaturation, and 4-hydroxy-pyridine also showed high toxicity to cells through attaching to the cell membrane.…”

“…Generally, reaction-based fluorescent probes generate a leaving group (LG) by reacting with a specific analyte, and the remaining fluorophore emits itself or has a structural change (Figure a). − It is essential to confirm that the emission part and the LG could be removed from the body without toxicity. , In this vein, our research group has used the 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) fluorophore as a signaling unit, widely used in various fields having high biocompatibility. − Recently, we introduced an NBD-based fluorescent probe for biothiol sensing with different LG; phenol for cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), pentafluoro-phenol for Cys, and 4-hydroxy-pyridine for Hcy. , However, it is found that these probes had biological toxicity issues from the LG generated after the reaction with biothiols (Figure b). Phenol affiliation used as LG in previous studies is well-known to have both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, penetrate cell membranes easily, and be involved in protein denaturation, and 4-hydroxy-pyridine also showed high toxicity to cells through attaching to the cell membrane. − …”