Pyridine Scaffolds, Phenols and Derivatives of Azo Moiety: Current Therapeutic Perspectives

Abstract

Synthetic heterocyclic compounds have incredible potential against different diseases; pyridines, phenolic compounds and the derivatives of azo moiety have shown excellent antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-melanogenic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, DNA binding and chemosensing activities. In the present review, the above-mentioned activities of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (pyridines), hydroxyl (phenols) and azo derivatives are discussed with reference to the minimum inhibitory concentration and structure–activity relationship, which clearly indicate that the presence of nitrogen in the phenyl ring; in addition, the hydroxyl substituent and the incorporation of a diazo group is crucial for the improved efficacies of the compounds in probing different diseases. The comparison was made with the reported drugs and new synthetic derivatives that showed recent therapeutic perspectives made in the last five years.

Soft 3D hybrid network for delivery and controlled release of poorly soluble dihydropyrimidinone compound: An insight into the novel system for potential application in leukemia treatment

“…Besides, the calculated lipophilicity and pharmacokinetic parameters of DHPMP have satisfied the fundamental drug‐like properties 14 . Although numerous azo compounds with anticancer properties have been discovered to date, 14,19–21 azo molecules with anticancer activity against leukemia cells are in particular rare 22 . Additionally, it is important to note that the most stable form of DHPMP is hydrazone form, 18 and it is known that some hydrazones have commercial significance in medicine 23 .…”

“…14 Although numerous azo compounds with anticancer properties have been discovered to date, 14,[19][20][21] azo molecules with anticancer activity against leukemia cells are in particular rare. 22 Additionally, it is important to note that the most stable form of DHPMP is hydrazone form, 18 and it is known that some hydrazones have commercial significance in medicine. 23 Also, the designed DHPMP has consisted of heterocyclic moieties and its degradation has led to the innoxious products.…”

Ultrasound-assisted transition-metal-free catalysis: a sustainable route towards the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles

“…Highly substituted nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocycle pyridines and their fused analogs are considered privileged scaffolds, being present in many natural products and therapeutic candidates. [101][102][103][104][105][106][107] The presence of this scaffold constitutes numerous biological activities including antiviral, antimicrobial, fungicidal, an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, E. coli DNA gyrase, A 2A adenosine receptor antagonists, etc. [108][109][110][111][112][113] Consequently, the construction of highly substituted pyridines based on green or sustainable chemistry has emerged in recent years.…”

A new exploration toward adamantane derivatives as potential anti‐MDR agents: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial, and radiosterilization activity as potential topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase inhibitors

“…Pyridine ring plays a significant role in many biological systems, such as nicotinamide (vitamin B3), iso‐nicotinic acid, picolinic acid, and nicotinic acid. Pyridine derivatives are associated with some important biological activities such as antitumor, antitubercular, fungicidal, anthelmintic, and antibacterial activity (Abdullahi et al, 2021; Al‐Saif et al, 2020; Eryılmaz et al, 2020; N'Guessan et al, 2017; Tahir et al, 2021). Moreover, coumarins are a vast class of natural products widely occurring as secondary plant metabolites (Hu et al, 2020; H. Liu et al, 2018) and exhibited high levels of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal, anti‐HIV, anticancer, and antibiotic (Peng et al, 2016; Qin et al, 2020).…”