Pyrimethanil Ionic Liquids Paired with Various Natural Organic Acid Anions for Reducing Its Adverse Impacts on the Environment

Abstract

In this study, nine pyrimethanil ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized through an acid−base reaction with nine naturally derived organic acid anions to improve the physicochemical properties and reduce the environmental adverse impacts. The PILs presented lower volatilization, higher photostability, better soil adsorption capacity, and improved fungicidal activity relative to pyrimethanil. When the length of the carbon chains in the anions was increased, the PILs showed better properties in terms of melting point, water solubility, volatility, and surface tension. The photostabilities and fungicidal activities of the PILs were significantly improved when cyclic compounds were used as the paired anion ions. With enhanced physicochemical properties and better fungicidal activity, PIL7 was selected as the best alternative to pyrimethanil. The intrinsic disadvantages of pyrimethanil could be surmounted using the system developed in the study; thus, ILs could have immense potential in the development of eco-friendly and efficient fungicides in the future.

Transformation of Indole-3-butyric Acid into Ionic Liquids as a Sustainable Strategy Leading to Highly Efficient Plant Growth Stimulators

“…For example, compounds of natural origin are used as a source of cations and anions to obtain bioinspired ionic liquids (ILs). 7,8 Interesting is that ionic liquids-based compounds are actively applied in pharmaceutics and medicine. Various structure− activity relationships, effects of cation and anion, were properly described.…”

Sustainable Preparation of Microcapsules with Desirable Stability and Bioactivity Using Phosphonium Ionic Liquid as a Functional Additive

“…21 The property data of the soil used in these experiments were tested and published in previous research, and the results are listed in the Supporting Information, Table S1. 22 The soil sample (50 g, 2 mm sieve) was added into the 250 mL conical flask. Then, 0.5 mL of Ave methanol solution (750 mg L −1 ) and 0.…”

“…The experiment on the dissipation behaviors of Ave–PIL–Gel microcapsules in the soil was mainly conducted by OECD Guideline 307 . The property data of the soil used in these experiments were tested and published in previous research, and the results are listed in the Supporting Information, Table S1 . The soil sample (50 g, 2 mm sieve) was added into the 250 mL conical flask.…”

Preparation of Ionic Liquid Forms of l-Glufosinate for Improving the Physicochemical Property and Enhancing Efficacy

“…For the past two decades, ionic liquids (ILs), a kind of organic salt combining cations and anions with melting points below or around 100 °C, have been paid great attention and extensively studied in various fields due to their unique structure and properties, such as low vapor pressure, good thermal stability, strong designability, and so on. , The introduction of ILs as chemical tools into agriculture to enhance the efficacies and safeties of the presently used agricultural chemicals has already been well-developed, in which herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) consisting of herbicidally active ions and functional counterions are the typical representatives. − So far, more than 20 commercial herbicidal active ingredients (AIs) (e.g., 2,4-D, glyphosate, mesotrione, and acifluorfen) have been transformed into IL forms. − With fast development, different types of HILs, including oligomeric HILs, double-salt HILs, esterquat HILs, and dicationic HILs, have been established for optimizing their chemical structure and widening their extent of application. − All kinds of cations, for instance, quaternary ammonium, alkylimidazolium, morpholinium, phosphonium, and piperidinium, were used as counterions to prepare HILs . Under this strategy, the shortcomings of common herbicides in the neutral chemical form related to leaching, runoff, low stability, evaporation, spray drift, and the need to use a high dosage were overcome to a certain extent. − Compared with the starting herbicides, HILs carefully constructed by proper selection of counterions could exhibit the desired physicochemical properties, such as high lipophilicity, excellent surface activity, low volatility and water solubility, and good stability, which made HILs exhibit high biological efficacies through enhancing the uptake of AIs and lowering the unnecessary losses. , Additionally, the side effects of herbicides like water pollution and damage to off-target organisms were also minimized in this way.…”