Pyrodictium gen. nov., a New Genus of Submarine Disc-Shaped Sulphur Reducing Archaebacteria Growing Optimally at 105°C

Stetter, Karl O.; König, Helmut; Stackebrandt, Erko

doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(83)80011-3

Cited by 351 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…initiated by adding about 1 ml of inoculum (prepared by resuspending approximately 1 g 136 of chimney sample in 1 ml of anaerobic artificial seawater) to 10 ml of modified SME 137 media that had been prepared as previously described (Stetter et al 1983, Vetriani et al 138 2004. Incubation temperatures were 55°C for the isolation of Nautilia spp.…”

Section: Enrichments Isolations and Reference Strains Primary Enricmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enrichment cultures for thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, hydrogen-231 oxidizing organisms were obtained by inoculating 10 ml of anaerobic SME medium 232 (Stetter et al 1983), supplemented with 0.1% nitrate, with approximately 1 ml of slurries 233 obtained from black smoker chimneys. The isolation (from a MAR black smoker) and 234 characterization of Caminibacter mediatlanticus DSM 16658 and of Caminibacter sp.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Voordeckers

Hügler

et al. 2008

Extremophiles

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Section: Enrichments Isolations and Reference Strains Primary Enricmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Voordeckers

Hügler

et al. 2008

Extremophiles

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“…We should not be astonished so much by the numerical increments but by the biochemical implications of this fact, and we should be excited by the scope provided by this and similar organisms to further our understanding of the evolution and adaptation of molecular structures and systems. [23], Thermus aquaticus [3], Sulfolobus acidocaldarius [24], Thermoproteus tenax [25], Pyrodictium occultum [26], Pyrolobus fumarii [2] and Strain 121 [1].…”

Section: To Sum Upmentioning

confidence: 99%

The upper temperature for life – where do we draw the line?

Cowan

2004

Trends in Microbiology

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A new archaeal isolate has been reported that is capable of growing at up to 121 °C. This hyperthermophile, dubbed strain 121, grows chemoautotrophically using formate as an electron donor and Fe III as an electron acceptor and is closely related to members of the archaeal genera Pyrodictium and Pyrobaculum. Although the reported maximum growth temperature of strain 121 is 8 °C higher than the previous record holder (Pyrolobus fumarii;T max = 113 °C), the two organisms have virtually the same optimal growth temperatures.A publication by Kashefi and Lovley [1] has once more brought the issue of the upper temperature limit for life to the attention of the scientific community. The isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeal strain that grows optimally at 105-107 °C, and maximally at 121 °C is reported. At first inspection, this organism would appear to have moved the bar up by some 8 °C, the previous record having been held by Pyrolobus fumarii [2]. However, some caution must be advised in interpreting these results. Strain 121 is reported to have a doubling time of ~ 7 hours at 115 °C and 24 hours at 121 °C. By contrast, P. fumarii showed no growth at 115 °C [2], but had a doubling time of ~ 8 hours at 112 °C with a significant number of cells in an exponentially growing culture surviving autoclaving. Therefore, strain 121 shows detectable growth at 8 °C above that reported for P. fumarii. Readers should note that measuring accurate growth rates at extremes of temperature is difficult at the best of times, and cannot be made easier by the generation of the amorphous, opaque magnetite that is the product of Fe 11 reduction. However, it is remarkable that strain 121 survives at 130 °C for short periods. To put this in perspective, if 10 7 cells were exposed to 130 °C and completely killed in 2 hours, we would calculate a survival half-life of ~ 6 minutes. The remarkable fact is that a vegetative cell can survive this long at such temperatures.This work therefore represents another contribution to the exciting search for the upper temperature limit for life: a search that has shown a generally linear rise (see Figure 1, after References ) over the past 30 years.Although the authors note that growth at 121 °C i s remarkable because this is the temperature of sterilization, there is nothing remarkable about this temperature per se other than the fact that this is the boiling temperature of water at 1 atmosphere (15 psi) overpressure. Had the original designers of autoclaves chosen a different overpressure (such as 20 psi), a different 'sterilization' temperature would have been embedded in our minds.It is an exciting thought that the cardinal growth temperatures determined in laboratory studies might be underestimates of true in vivo growth temperatures. For example, the well-known extremely thermophilic aerobe Thermus Aquaticus [3] is readily isolated from terrestrial 90-100 °C hydrothermal systems, but will not grow reliably in the laboratory above 80 °C (H.W. Morgan, pers. commun.). Nevertheless, terrestrial and sha...

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“…These organisms live under the most extreme conditions yet found for living organisms. Within the Archaea, some forms are active above 110 "C (Stetter et al, 1983;Kurr et al, 1991), which may be compared to the 50-70 "C temperature ranges for "classical" thermophiles such as 7: aquaticus. In addition, it is generally believed that hyperthermophiles are ancestral to organisms that grow at room temperature.…”

Section: Advantages Of the Study Of Hyperthermophilic Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sequence of a subtilisin‐type protease (aerolysin) from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Pyrobaculum aerophilum reveals sites important to thermostability

et al. 1994

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The hyperthermophilic archaeum Pyrobaculum aerophilum grows optimally at 100 "C and pH 7.0. Cell homogenates exhibit strong proteolytic activity within a temperature range of 80-130 "C. During an analysis of cDNA and genomic sequence tags, a genomic clone was recovered showing strong sequence homology to alkaline subtilisins of Bacihs sp. The total DNA sequence of the gene encoding the protease (named "aerolysin") was determined. Multiple sequence alignment with 15 different serine-type proteases showed greatest homology with subtilisins from gram-positive bacteria rather than archaeal or eukaryal serine proteases.Models of secondary and tertiary structure based on sequence alignments and the tertiary structures of subtilisin Carlsberg, BPN', thermitase, and protease K were generated for P. aerophilurn subtilisin. This allowed identification of sites potentially contributing to the thermostability of the protein. One common transition put alanines at the beginning and end of surface alpha-helices. Aspartic acids were found at the N-terminus of several surface helices, possibly increasing stability by interacting with the helix dipole. Several of the substitutions in regions expected to form surface loops were adjacent to each other in the tertiary structure model.

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Pyrodictium gen. nov., a New Genus of Submarine Disc-Shaped Sulphur Reducing Archaebacteria Growing Optimally at 105°C

Cited by 351 publications

References 21 publications

Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Culture dependent and independent analyses of 16S rRNA and ATP citrate lyase genes: a comparison of microbial communities from different black smoker chimneys on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The upper temperature for life – where do we draw the line?

The sequence of a subtilisin‐type protease (aerolysin) from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Pyrobaculum aerophilum reveals sites important to thermostability

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