Pyroelectric X-ray generator

Brownridge, James D.

doi:10.1038/358287b0

Cited by 143 publications

(77 citation statements)

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“…In order to produce higher energy beams the crystal was heated from the + z base to 160 0 C and allowed to cool to room temperature at <10 mtorr. It produced maximum energy electron beams of up to 145 keV when the temperature was ~30 0 C. That the electron beam energy was at least 80 keV (Au K edge) for a significant time was confirmed by irradiating gold and observing the K X-rays 2,3 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Brownridge

Shafroth

2001

Applied Physics Letters

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Self-focusing, spatially stable, electron beams arising from heating up to 160 0 C and cooling to room temperature pyroelectric LiNbO 3 crystals in dilute gases have been observed for the first time. The current (up to nanoamperes) and energies (up to 170 keV) of these electron beams attained maximum values and then decreased during the cooling phase of the thermal cycle. Cylindrical crystals produced spatially stable beams with typical focal lengths of 22 mm and 1mm spot sizes. Here we present photographic as well as electronic proof of their existence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Although some of the remarkable electrical properties of pyroelectric crystals have been known since ancient Greek times 1 , surprising new effects and practical applications are constantly being discovered [1][2][3][4][5][6] . There is a voluminous literature on electron emission by pyroelectric crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Brownridge

Shafroth

2001

Applied Physics Letters

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“…DOI: 10.21883/PJTF.2018.02. 45460.16978 Малогабаритный пироэлектрический ускоритель был предложен в [1], его свойства исследовались несколькими группами (см., напри-мер, работы [2,3] и ссылки в них). В этих работах использовались пироэлектрические кристаллы, такие как ниобат лития (LiNbO 3 ) или танталат лития (LiTaO 3 ).…”

Section: поступило в редакцию 19 июля 2017 гunclassified

Свойства Керамического Пироэлектрического Генератора Рентгеновского Излучения В Зависимости От Давления Остаточного Газа

Щагин¹,

Волков²,

Мирошник³

et al. 2018

Письма В Журнал Технической Физики

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Приведены результаты экспериментального исследования зависимости свойств рентгеновского излучения, которое генерируется с помощью пироэлектрического ускорителя на основе пироэлектрической керамики, от давления остаточного газа. Измерены максимальная энергия рентгеновского излучения и число производимых ускоренными электронами квантов рент-геновского излучения при различных давлениях остаточного газа в камере генератора. Показано, что максимальный выход рентгеновского излучения и максимальная энергия рентгеновского излучения и ускоренных электронов наблюдаются при давлении остаточного газа в камере генератора порядка нескольких mTorr.

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“…[1][2][3][4] Recently, a novel and portable X-ray emitter using the charging phenomena of a pyroelectric crystal has become commercially available; its size is 15 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height. With a controller box that works off a 9 V dry electric battery, the full dimensions of this device are only 125 mm in length, 45 mm in width and 30 mm in height.…”

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confidence: 99%

X-ray Absorption Spectral Analysis with a 9 V Battery X-ray Generator

Ishii

Kawai

2005

ANAL. SCI.

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The measurements of X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) and Xray absorption fine structure (XAFS) have usually been performed by using a synchrotron radiation facility. It is widely believed that high intensity and monochromatized X-rays are necessary for XAS and XAFS experiments. In the present paper, however, we report K-edge XAS measurements of Ca contained in paper sheets using a dry electric battery XAS spectrometer.As one of the smaller X-ray sources, X-ray emission using the charging phenomenon of an insulator has been reported by several authors. [1][2][3][4] Recently, a novel and portable X-ray emitter using the charging phenomena of a pyroelectric crystal has become commercially available; its size is 15 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height. With a controller box that works off a 9 V dry electric battery, the full dimensions of this device are only 125 mm in length, 45 mm in width and 30 mm in height. Kawai et al. 5 reported X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of metal oxides using this X-ray emitter. Ida et al. reported the XRF analysis of the small amount of Fe in aluminum foil 6 as well as the Cr analysis in steel. 7 They also performed XRF analysis of leathers, 8 glass and ceramics, 9 demonstrating the capability of this X-ray emitter as a source for a portable XRF instrument.The X-ray emitter used in the present measurement was a COOL-X (Amptek, Bedford, MA, USA), where LiTaO3 and Cu were used as the pyroelectric crystal and the target metal, respectively. Collision of electrons with the pyroelectric crystal as well as the metal target generated X-rays, which consisted of Cu K and Ta L lines and Bremsstrahlung radiation.Transmission X-rays were detected by a portable Si PIN detector XR-100CR (Amptek), of which the dimensions were the same as those of the COOL-X. One or two pieces of alkaline paper (name cards) with the thickness of 200 µm, which contained 2 mg/cm 2 (13 wt%) CaCO3 as filler and pigment, were measured. The geometry of the experiment is shown in Fig. 1. The distance between the X-ray emitter and the detector was 150 mm. The duration time for one spectrum was 400 s. In order to deliberately lower the detection of fluorescent X-rays from the sample, the sheet was placed close to the X-ray generator at a distance of 25 mm. The same sample was measured with two geometries: one for normal incidence (θ = 90˚) and the other the grazing incidence (θ = 30˚). Figure 2 shows the raw transmission spectra for no, one and two pieces of paper in the normal incident geometry. The spectrum for without paper was I0, where the main peaks were X-ray absorption spectral (XAS) analysis is performed with a combination of a 9 V dry electric battery X-ray generator and a portable Si PIN X-ray detector. The calcium K edge (4.0 keV) in paper is measured with a grazing incidence geometry, which suppressed the artifact due to the Kα X-ray fluorescence peak at 3.5 keV. The 9 V dry battery X-ray emitter is useful for portable XAS measurements. Fig. 2 Raw X-ray transmission spectra (I) of one and two pieces of paper wer...

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Pyroelectric X-ray generator

Cited by 143 publications

References 3 publications

Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Self-focused electron beams produced by pyroelectric crystals on heating or cooling in dilute gases

Свойства Керамического Пироэлектрического Генератора Рентгеновского Излучения В Зависимости От Давления Остаточного Газа

X-ray Absorption Spectral Analysis with a 9 V Battery X-ray Generator

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