Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6’-Bieckol from Ecklonia cava Improved Blood Circulation in Diet-Induced Obese and Diet-Induced Hypertension Mouse Models

Abstract

Blood circulation disorders, such as hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis, are not easily cured by dietary supplements, but they can be mitigated. Although Ecklonia cava extract (ECE), as dietary supplements, are associated with improving the conditions, there are not many studies verifying the same. In this study, the beneficial effect of ECE and leaf of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), which is a well-known dietary supplement, were first confirmed in a diet induced-obese model. Afterwards, 4 phlorotannins were isolated from ECE, and their inhibitory effects on vascular cell dysfunction were validated. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB) was selected to be orally administered in two mice models: the diet induced obese model and diet induced hypertension model. After four weeks of administration, the blood pressure of all mice was measured, after which they were subsequently sacrificed. PPB was found to significantly improve blood circulation, including a reduction of adhesion molecule expression, endothelial cell (EC) death, excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, blood pressure, and lipoprotein and cholesterol levels. Based on the excellent efficacy in diet-induced mouse models of obese and hypertension, our results demonstrate that PPB is a valuable active compound from among the phlorotannins that were isolated and it has the potential to be used in functional foods for improving the blood circulation.

COVID-19 preclinical models: human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice

“…There have been various animal models developed for investigating these diseases including inbred strains of mice with genetic manipulations that predispose them to disease [120][121][122][123]. Other manipulations and environmental exposures can be used to study the effects of comorbidities such as cigarette smoke-or drug (i.e., bleomycin)-induced pulmonary disease [124,125], paraquat-induced acute renal failure [126], repeated low-dose cisplatin treatment-induced chronic renal failure [127], streptozotocin-developed type I diabetes mellitus [128], and high fat/sucrose dites-induced insulin resistance, which is closely linked with type II diabetes melilitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease [129,130]. The chemical/diet-induced disease methods can be applied to hACE2 Tg mouse models before infecting the SARS-CoV-2 to elucidate the association between comorbidity and the symptoms or pathogenesis of COVID-19.…”

Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava Attenuates Palmitate-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Leptin Resistance in Hypothalamic Neurons

“…We added palmitate to hypothalamic neurons and microglia to mimic the environment induced by HFD in the hypothalamus. SFAs directly and quickly trigger inflammation in microglia [24], suggesting that both neurons and microglia are related to the changes in the hypothalamus induced by HFD. First, we evaluated the effect of different concentrations of E. cava extract (ECE) on TLR4 expression in palmitate-treated hypothalamic neurons and microglia.…”

“…E. cava extraction and 4 phlorotannins preparation methods were described in Supplementary Materials and Methods and this method followed from previous study [24].…”

“…E. cava extract contains 3.57% (w/w) PPB, so 50 µg/mL E. cava extract was expected to contain 1.8 µg/mL PPB [24]. To match this dosage, we treated cells with 1.8 µg/mL phlorotannins (DK, PHB, PPB, or PFFA) for 10 h.…”

Bioactive Properties of Marine Phenolics

“…A bioactive fraction of the brown algae Sargassum wightii with optimal antioxidant and ACE inhibition activities (IC 50 56.96 μg/mL) was characterized by Vijayan et al [ 223 ]. An in vivo study evaluated the efficacy of a polyphenol-rich extract from E. cava as well as its major component (pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol) for improving blood circulation in diet-induced obese and diet-induced hypertension mouse models [ 224 ]. After four weeks of administering 70 mg and 500 mg of extract/kg bw or 2.5 mg of phenol/kg bw, the study found a reduction in blood pressure and in serum lipoprotein levels in the obese and hypertension mouse models.…”