Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry Studies on Some Reactively Modified Polymers

Abstract

As a part of our continuing work to improve the flame retardance of some chain-growth polymers, by employing a reactive route, we have synthesized several unsaturated compounds containing either phosphorus (P), or both phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), bearing groups in different chemical environments. They included: diethyl(acryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate (DEAMP); diethyl(1-acryloyloxyethyl)phosphonate (DE1AEP); diethyl-2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl phosphate (DEAEP); diethyl-2-(metharyloyloxy)ethyl phosphate (DEMEP); acrylic acid-2-(diethoxyphosphorylamino)ethyl ester (ADEPAE); acrylic acid-2-[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl amino]ethyl ester (ADEPMAE). Acrylonitrile (AN), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (S) were free radically copolymerised with the above mentioned comonomers. The recovered polymers were subjected to routine spectroscopic and thermo-gravimetric analyses. In addition, the combustion behaviours of homopolymers as well as the copolymers containing nominal loadings of P-, or P/N-, groups were, primarily, evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC). PCFC has been found to be a very useful screening technique, especially, in establishing the efficacies of the different modifying groups towards flame retarding some base polymeric materials. Values of the heat release capacity (HRC) values normalised to the P contents (wt%) can be considered as useful tool in ranking the various P-containing modifying groups in terms of their efficacies to flame-retard non-halogenated chain-growth polymers considered in the present work. OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2015, 7 454

Thermal Degradation and Fire Properties of Fungal Mycelium and Mycelium - Biomass Composite Materials

“… 18 . The following quantities were measured: peak heat release rate (PHRR); temperature at peak heat release rate (TPHRR); total heat release (THR); heat release capacity (HRC) and percentages of the char residues 19 . These fire reaction properties of mycelium were compared against those of commonly used synthetic thermoplastic polymers PMMA and PLA for bench-marking purposes.…”

Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance

“…There is a wide range of organic P-containing FRs available including phosphates, phosphonates, polyphosphonates, hybrid metal phosphonate salts, etc. [ 5 , 38 , 41 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 ]. The mechanism and the efficiency of FRs depend not only on the chemical structure of a P-bearing compound itself, but also on its interaction with the polymeric backbone during pyrolysis and combustion.…”

“…Recently, the use of synergistic reactive FRs with P- and/or N-containing moieties has gained great attention owing to their effectiveness and lower negative impact on the environment [ 115 ]. The P–N synergism can accelerate the phosphorylation of the polymer, during thermal decomposition/combustion, by enhancing the in situ production of phosphoric acid due to catalysing cis -elimination ( Figure 23 ) [ 90 , 116 ].…”

Preparation and studies of new phosphorus‐containing diols as potential flame retardants

“…While there have been some notable advances in how the MCC can predict performance in larger scale tests, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] fire performances that rely heavily upon physical behavior (example, drip-back away from the flame) will not be captured or observed correctly by the MCC. 20,[25][26][27][28][29] Relevant for the fire safety goals of this paper, screening for heat release reduction potential will be useful for finding new materials that lower the heat release in PU foam in furniture and bedding, but that same MCC data may not predict "passing" results in existing fire safety tests where heat release is not a key focus of the said test. Therefore, the reader of this paper should keep in mind that what is presented here is heat-release reduction potential, and complex fire phenomena, like furniture construction, ventilation, and fire source, will affect regulatory fire performance and the heat release reduction potential of the materials.…”