Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of cured phenolic resins

Sobera, Marta; Hetper, J.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00388-1

Cited by 65 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This circumstance does not happen in other resins, like porfirine23 or polyester‐epoxy 12. Resins employed in abrasion have higher activation energies (250–292 kJ mol −1 ),29 and similar values are obtained with resol resins, 30–170 kJ mol −1 ,10, 24, 30 that vary very much depending on their composition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Thermal stability and pyrolysis kinetics of lignin‐phenol‐formaldehyde resins

Pérez

Fernandez

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A thermal stability and kinetic study from non-isothermal experiments of a commercial and a ligninnovolac resin mixed with two amounts of curing agent has been done employing thermogravimetric analysis technique. Three kinetic models have been tested: a single heating rate method, such as Coats-Redfern, employing several mechanistic functions and contrasted with Van Krevelen-it is the first time that this method has been employed in polymer degradation. Finally, the Ozawa method allowed the obtaining of the activation energy by the multiple-heating-rate without knowing the mechanism.Results show that commercial mixtures of resins lose less weight than lignin-novolac resins. The calculated kinetic parameters showed that Coats-Redfern gives similar results to Van Krevelen, which means that these methods are adequate for novolac pyrolysis, and Ozawa shows activation energies in accordance with the last mentioned models.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Table II shows mass losses at four temperatures. It can be checked that the smaller the loss of weight is at a certain temperature, the more stable the resin is 7, 8, 23–27. High pyrolysis temperature implies that low volatile products are more present 26…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability and pyrolysis kinetics of lignin‐phenol‐formaldehyde resins

Pérez

Fernandez

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Phenol, 2‐methylphenol, 4‐methylphenol, 2,4‐dimethylphenol, 2‐alkylphenols, and 4‐alkylphenols could have originated from the pyrolysis of a phenol‐formaldehyde resin 10,11. Benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and crotonic acid were also detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the characterization of organic materials in frescoes of the Momumental Cemetery of Pisa (Italy)

Bonaduce

Colombini

2003

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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The paper deals with the application of two analytical procedures, based respectively on on-line pyrolysis in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis (Py/GC/MS) and on selective extractions and microwave-assisted hydrolysis followed by GC/MS determination. These procedures give reliable data on the organic composition of micro-samples; moreover, when applied to the same micro-sample, they give comparable data on natural substances, and complementary information on synthetic compounds and degradation products. The two methods were used to characterise the organic matter present in several samples taken from scenes of the frescoes 'Giudizio Universale' and the 'Ascensione' by Bonamico Buffalmacco in the Monumental Cemetery of Pisa. The observed hydrophobicity of their surfaces, which hampers traditional means of restoration, is explained by the formation of a polymeric network due to reactions between a synthetic polymer used as adhesive, the proteinaceous material (animal glue and casein), and formaldehyde.

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“…It was suggested that knowledge of polymer decomposition and the condensation of pyrolysis products should be incorporated into casting simulation software. Recent work has investigated casting binder thermal decomposition [58][59][60], but methods and tools for parametrically predicting casting emissions have not been reported in the literature, perhaps owing to the complexity of reaction kinetics and the number of different binder systems available. Emissions from pouring, cooling, and shakeout of sand casting molds can be obtained most accurately from stack testing and analysis of the gases.…”

Section: Metal Castingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Application of Models for Steelmaking and Casting Environmental Performance

Haapala

Catalina

Johnson

et al. 2012

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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Growing interest in sustainability is driving manufacturers to improve the environmental performance of their products and processes. The production of steel and steel products consumes materials and energy resources, and creates wastes and emissions. Industry leaders and policy makers have identified ironisteel and metal casting as areas of concern from an environmental perspective. By evaluating steel product manufacturing processes commonly employed in the heavy equipment industry, environmental impacts can be mitigated during product and process design. A process modeling approach that is focused on improving the environmental peiformance of steel product manufacturing is developed and demonstrated. The process models focus on part production employing electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking and sand casting with chemical binders, and relate process energy and material inputs and outputs to product and process design characteristics. The models are based on scientific principles, as well as empirical data reported in the literature. Models of the two processes are applied to assess the production of a representative ground engaging tool (GET) component. It is found that EAF electricity use can be reduced by more than 30% and process-related CO2 emissions by nearly 20% over initial settings. Replacing the polyurethane nobake sand mold binder with a low nitrogen furan binder is predicted to reduce casting emissions by more than 50%, and sulfur dioxide emissions by over 90%. Thus, the models are capable of estimating changes in environmental performance due to modifications in material type, part geometry, and process parameters. This process modeling approach demonstrates improvements in environmental performance for the production of a GET component, and can be extended to assess and compare other steel alloys and components.

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Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of cured phenolic resins

Cited by 65 publications

References 6 publications

Thermal stability and pyrolysis kinetics of lignin‐phenol‐formaldehyde resins

Thermal stability and pyrolysis kinetics of lignin‐phenol‐formaldehyde resins

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the characterization of organic materials in frescoes of the Momumental Cemetery of Pisa (Italy)

Development and Application of Models for Steelmaking and Casting Environmental Performance

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