Pyrolysis kinetic study of Huadian oil shale, spent oil shale and their mixtures by thermogravimetric analysis

カザフスタン，カリンカラ産オイルシェールの組成分析

“…First, the weight loss between r.t. and 473 K was observed with an endothermic reaction at 387 K, and that value was 8.60 wt%. This weight-loss was assigned to the desorption of water, and the same behavior was reported in the literature 20) . In the temperature range between 473 K and 823 K, an exothermic reaction was observed with a 19.1 % weight loss as the second stage.…”

“…Moreover, the diffraction peaks derived from Mg4Al2(OH)12CO2 H2O also disappeared due to its decomposition by dehydration. Many researchers have reported that calcium exists as calcite (CaCO3) 9),12) 14),17),18), 20) ; however, the oil shale obtained from Kazakhstan did not contain a significant amount of calcite. The characteristic diffraction peaks of clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, and muscovite) and dolomite, which were also reported as typical components of oil shale by these researchers, were not observed in the XRD profiles.…”

“…Moreover, the amount of organic compounds and their decomposition temperature also affect the production efficiency. Therefore, in order to obtain fundamental analysis data, many researchers have investigated the regional characteristics of the oil shale by instrumental analyses 4) 20) ; Such oil shale data from China 15),16),18), 20) , India 19) , Israel 8) , Jordan 9), 12) , Morocco 13) , Nigeria 14) , Thailand 5) , Turkey 10), 11) , and the United States 4) 7),17) have been reported.…”

Pyrolysis in indirectly heated fixed bed with internals: The first application to oil shale

“…Fundamentally there are many works about the influences of major parameters including the pyrolysis temperature [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], heating rate [9][10][11][12], residence time [13], pyrolysis atmosphere [8,14], operating pressure [15], as well as the particle size [16], density [17,18], and inorganic matter content [19,20] of oil shale. It is widely accepted that there are appropriate temperature and heating rate for oil shale pyrolysis that ensure the potentially highest shale oil yield.…”

Identifying the reaction mechanism of oil-shale self-heating retorting by thermal analysis techniques

“…DSC is widely used to study the enthalpies of various reactions including phase transitions and also can precisely measure heat capacity, while TG measures the weight loss as a function of temperature. Thermal analysis has been extensively used as a means to determine the global kinetic parameters of the combustion or the pyrolysis of OS [21][22][23][24][25]. They provide the information about kinetic parameters based on simplified assumptions, usually on a simple first-order kinetic equation [26,27], which do not correspond to the complex chemical reactions in the thermal decomposition of OS [21].…”