Pyrolysis of cashew nutshells: Characterization of products and energy balance

Ábrego, Javier; Plaza, Daniel; Luño, Francisco; Atienza-Martínez, María; Gea, G.

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.011

Cited by 61 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The highest decomposition rate on the DTG profile was 0.57 mg/min and 0.56 mg/min as observed at about 261.2℃ and 340.3℃ respectively that indicating a broad peak. DTG peak of CNS also reported in a range of 250-400℃ in a conventional pyrolysis [29,30]. Some partial evaporation take place at temperature higher than 300 o C and it is assumed due to the high boiling point of liquid in CNS compound.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Cashew Nut Shell

Amaliyah¹,

Putra²

2021

IJDNE

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This research examines the characteristics of microwave assisted pyrolysis products of cashew nutshell waste (CNS). The pyrolysis process of CNS conducted with microwave heating of 400 W for 60 minutes. Pyrolysis product such as bio-gas, bio-oil and bio-char were identified using proximate and ultimate analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Method. There is a significant increasing in volatile matter and fixed carbon of derived bio-char and the porous structure was observed in a range of macropore after pyrolysis. The TGA profile reveals CNS sample lost about 71.25% of mass before reached 750℃. The highest decomposition rate on the DTG profile was 0.57 mg/min and 0.56 mg/min as observed at about 261.2℃ and 340.3℃. Bio-oil yield has density of 1.036 gr/ml, viscosity of 19.5 cst after water removing, flash point of 138℃ and HHV of 21.7 MJ/kg. The GC-MS of the bio-oil shows about 53% phenol, 19% palmitic and oleic acid, 11% cyclobutene, 14% ethyl and methyl ester, and cyclopentene and cyclohexane in small amounts in accordance with FT-IR results.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Cashew Nut Shell

Amaliyah¹,

Putra²

2021

IJDNE

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“…The effect of the temperature from 400 to 900 o C on the CNS char characteristics was pointed out in the literature. [12] An increase in temperature was directly proportional to the ash content, fixed-carbon and heating value of the char while the volatile matters decreased. However, the CNS char properties were observed as no significant change after 500 o C. Besides, the behaviors of CNS were differing from the most of woody biomass pyrolysis with the different overlapping loss peaks of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin decompositions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The pyrolysis conditions of biomass, for example, pyrolysis temperature, heating rate or residence time have shown great influences on characteristics of the char produced (ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon content, and heating value) and their usages. [8][9][10][11][12] Since CNS is an uncommon feedstock for pyrolysis, only few studies on thermal behaviors of CNS during pyrolysis have been reported. The effect of the temperature from 400 to 900 o C on the CNS char characteristics was pointed out in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis of cashew nut shell: A parametric study

Nam¹,

Anh²,

Truc³

et al. 2020

Vietnam Journal of Chemistry

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Cashew nut shell, a waste from cashew nut production, could become a potential biomass feedstock for gasification. In this study, a complete parametric study of cashew nut shell was conducted in pyrolysis conditions that are relevant to industrial processes. The effects of temperature, heating rate and residence time on the shrinkage, char yield, char energy, as well as characteristics of cashew nut shell (ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon content, and heating value) have been deeply investigated. The study results suggest ideas for the development of advanced pyrolysis techniques to better control the char product characteristics, hence serving for multiple purposes, such as energy or activated carbon production.

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“…The agroindustrial crop's valorization is interesting for synthetic chemistry, perfumery, cosmetics, biomedicine, and energy industries. Some studies reported techno‐economic valorization of nutshells residues, such as, macadamia, 3–9 pistachio, 10,11 pecan, 12–17 almond, 18 cashew, 19–21 cedar, 22 oak, 23 fox 24 for catalytic pyrolysis, wastewater treatment, bio‐fillers in a polymeric matrix, microporous sorbents, preparation of carbon‐based products, biochar, supercapacitor for powering electronic devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approach in Macadamia integrifolia residue based low‐density polyethylene composites on mechanical and thermal performance

Andrade

Silva

Cortat

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Macadamia nutshell residues are generated in large quantities, around 70%-77% for each ton produced, and it is a waste material with high technoeconomic potential. This work purpose a sustainable alternative to valorize macadamia nutshell residues (MN) as reinforcing in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites through melt mixing, using different fiber contents (0, 5, 10, and 20 wt%), and investigate the influence of fibers (residues) in composites by mechanical tests and thermal analysis. The fibers addition has significantly increased the composites' stiffness compared with neat LDPE, causing a reduction of toughness and resilience, leading to lower impact energy absorption. The LPDE/MN20% composite obtained the best tensile and flexural mechanical performance, resulting in a maximum modulus, which implies an increase of 36.9% and 77.6% compared with the neat LDPE. The addition of macadamia fibers on the composites acted as nucleation points of spherulites, which promoted an increase in the crystallization degree. Consequently, better performance of mechanical properties was observed in the green composites. Thus, the macadamia nutshell residues present a promising future as filler in LDPE for enhancing composites' thermal and mechanical properties. K E Y W O R D S biopolymers, mechanical properties, renewable polymers, thermal properties, thermoplastics 1 | INTRODUCTION Nutshells are often utilized in a relatively low-value application, such as, composts, mulches, fertilizers, and animal feed. 1 The unit operations involved in the separation of nut kernel from other nut parts can vary depending on the nut type. Still, there are common steps, such as, drying, extraction of the components, shelling, and separation process, giving the nut kernels and dry nutshell. 2 The agroindustrial crop's valorization is interesting for synthetic chemistry, perfumery, cosmetics, biomedicine, and energy industries. Some studies reported techno-economic valorization of nutshells residues, such as, macadamia, 3-9 pistachio, 10,11 pecan, 12-17 almond, 18 cashew, 19-21 cedar, 22 oak, 23 fox 24 for catalytic pyrolysis, wastewater treatment, bio-fillers in a polymeric matrix, microporous sorbents, preparation of carbonbased products, biochar, supercapacitor for powering electronic devices. Among the agroindustrial nutshell waste, macadamia nutshells are highlighted. Around 44,000 metric tons (kernel) are produced worldwide, 25,26 which generates

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Pyrolysis of cashew nutshells: Characterization of products and energy balance

Cited by 61 publications

References 32 publications

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Cashew Nut Shell

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Cashew Nut Shell

Pyrolysis of cashew nut shell: A parametric study

Approach in Macadamia integrifolia residue based low‐density polyethylene composites on mechanical and thermal performance

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