Pyrolysis of Flame Retardant Brominated Polyester Composites

Cunliffe, Adrian M.; Williams, Paul T.

doi:10.1080/09593332508618471

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The halogen content of the pyrolysis oils was much lower than in previous studies where model halogenated polymers have been pyrolysed [27][28][29]. This was mainly due to the low halogen concentration in the three plastic fractions compared to pure model polymers but also because the metal content of the chars may have scrubbed the halogens from the volatile pyrolysis products.…”

Section: Halogens and Metals In The Pyrolysis Productsmentioning

confidence: 44%

Analysis of products from the pyrolysis of plastics recovered from the commercial scale recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment

Hall

Williams

2007

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

104

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Three plastic fractions from a commercial waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) processing plant were collected and investigated for the possibility of recycling them by batch pyrolysis. The first plastic was from equipment containing cathode ray tubes (CRTs), the second plastic was from refrigeration equipment, and the third plastic was from mixed WEEE. Initially, the decomposition of each of the plastics was investigated using a TGA linked to a FT-ir spectrometer which showed that the CRT plastic decomposed to form aliphatic and aromatic compounds, the refrigerator plastic decomposed to form aldehydes, CO 2 , aromatic, and aliphatic compounds, and the mixed WEEE plastic decomposed to form aromatic and aliphatic compounds, CO 2 , and CO. Each plastic mixture was also pyrolysed in a batch reactor to determine the halogen and metal content of the pyrolysis products, additionally, characterisation of the pyrolysis oils was carried out by GC-MS and the pyrolysis gases by GC-FID and GC-TCD. It was found that the halogen content of the oils was relatively low but the halogen and metal content of the chars was high. The pyrolysis oils were found to contain valuable chemical products and the pyrolysis gases were mainly halogen free, making them suitable as a fuel.

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Section: Halogens and Metals In The Pyrolysis Productsmentioning

confidence: 44%

Analysis of products from the pyrolysis of plastics recovered from the commercial scale recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment

Hall

Williams

2007

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

104

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“…This considerably slows or prevents the combustion process, thus reducing heat generation and consequently the production of further pyrolysis vapours which later condense to produce the pyrolysis oil. In addition, the presence of brominated flame retardants in waste plastics have been shown to increase the yield of char [16]. Therefore, the higher bromine content would produce more charring reactions resulting in a higher solid product yield and also lower oil yield for the ABS compared to the HIPS.…”

Section: Product Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic from electrical and electronic equipment

Muhammad

Onwudili

Williams

2015

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

106

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Plastic waste collected from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) was pyrolysed in the presence of zeolite catalysts to produce a gasoline range aromatic oil. The plastic was from equipment containing cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and also plastic waste from refrigeration equipment. In addition, for comparison the main plastics contained in the WEEE, in the form of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) were also pyrolysed in the presence of the zeolite catalysts. Two zeolite catalysts; Y zeolite and ZSM-5 were used. Catalytic pyrolysis took place in a two stage fixed bed, batch reactor with the plastic pyrolysed in the first stage and the evolved pyrolysis gases catalysed in the second stage reactor. The quantity of oil produced from uncatalysed pyrolysis of plastics from CRTs and refridgerators was more than 80 wt%. The gases consisted of hydrogen, methane and C 2 -C 4 hydrocarbons. When the zeolite catalysts were introduced there was a decrease of between 5-10 wt% in oil yield and a corresponding increase in gas yield.The composition of the oils derived from the uncatalysed pyrolysis of WEEE plastics were mainly aromatic with high concentrations of styrene, derived from the HIPS and ABS present in the plastic waste. Addition of the zeolite ZSM-5 and Y zeolite to the pyrolysis process resulted in significant concentrations of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene in the product oil but reduced concentrations of styrene. The oils from both thermal and catalysed pyrolysis also contained significant concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for example, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene.

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“…Unfortunately, these additives are easily released into the environment owing to their lack of covalent link (bonding) to the polymeric materials and lead to hugely undesirable effects on the environment as well as on human health. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Since the plastic material should not contain toxic products to be suitable for mechanical recycling, it is thus desirable to develop an efficient, easy and fast analytical method for the WEEE plastics management able to easily characterize and quantify BFR compounds. In fact, in agreement with the required limits of EU directives RoHS/WEEE, if the level of BFR concentration exceeds 0.1 wt% in the homogeneous material, the plastics must be separated from other WEEE fractions prior to recovery and recycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An efficient and fast analytical procedure for the bromine determination in waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics

Taurino

Cannio

Mafredini

et al. 2014

Environmental Technology

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In this study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy was used, in combination with micro-Raman spectroscopy, for a fast determination of bromine concentration and then of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) compounds in waste electrical and electronic equipments. Different samples from different recycling industries were characterized to evaluate the sorting performances of treatment companies. This investigation must be considered of prime research interest since the impact of BFRs on the environment and their potential risk on human health is an actual concern. Indeed, the new European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS 2011/65/EU) demands that plastics with BFRs concentration above 0.1%, being potential health hazards, are identified and eliminated from the recycling process. Our results show the capability and the potential of Raman spectroscopy, together with XRF analysis, as effective tools for the rapid detection of BFRs in plastic materials. In particular, the use of these two techniques in combination can be considered as a promising method suitable for quality control applications in the recycling industry.

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Pyrolysis of Flame Retardant Brominated Polyester Composites

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Analysis of products from the pyrolysis of plastics recovered from the commercial scale recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment

Analysis of products from the pyrolysis of plastics recovered from the commercial scale recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment

Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic from electrical and electronic equipment

An efficient and fast analytical procedure for the bromine determination in waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics

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