Pyrolysis Properties and Flame Retardant Effects of Fabrics Finished by Hybrid Silica-based Sols

Optimization of mechanical, thermal, and ignition properties of polyester fabric using urea and phosphoric acid

“…All test specimens had the band in the range of 2904-2910 cm À1 corresponding to (C-H)n groups as CH 2 and CH 3 , but differed in length and width. The aromatic ring was observed at 2960-2975 cm À1 , 1575-1585 cm À1 , 1500-1510 cm À1 , 1000-1020 cm À1 , and 720-730 cm À1 [28]. The ester functional groups appeared in 1708-1720 cm À1 , 1260-1280 cm À1 , and 1090-1130 cm À1 .…”

Synergistically improved flame retardancy of the cotton fabric finished by silica-coupling agent-zinc borate hybrid sol

“…Boric acid can be used as an acid source to promote the formation of char layer, produce synergistic effect with silica sol, and reduce the amount of smoke produced by cotton fabric (the maximum pyrolysis temperature of the sample SiO 2 -KH560-ZB@Cotton in Table 3 is advanced, and the char residue increases). In general, the flame retardant effects of cotton fabrics finished by sol-gel gel coating are primarily contributed by the following aspects: SiO 2 sol builds special folding three-dimensional space carrier and provides a framework shielding layer; KH560 and ZB reduce the burning surface temperature, strengthening the stability of the shielding and isolation effect, accelerate the termination of the chain reaction through physical covering and chemical coupling [38–40]. The indispensable individual advantages and obvious synergistic effect are shown especially by the ΔLOI/Δm index.…”

“…In general, the flame retardant effects of cotton fabrics finished by sol-gel gel coating are primarily contributed by the following aspects: SiO 2 sol builds special folding three-dimensional space carrier and provides a framework shielding layer; KH560 and ZB reduce the burning surface temperature, strengthening the stability of the shielding and isolation effect, accelerate the termination of the chain reaction through physical covering and chemical coupling [38][39][40]. The indispensable individual advantages and obvious synergistic effect are shown especially by the DLOI/Dm index.…”

Thin coatings for fire protection: An overview of the existing strategies, with an emphasis on layer-by-layer surface treatments and promising new solutions

“…[44], [45] Other strategies to use P and Si synergism is to treat the cotton by phosphorylation [34] or phenylphosphonic acid padding. [36] More commonly, phosphorouscontaining molecules are added in the sol, such as aluminum phosphinate, [46], [47] phytic acid, [48]- [50] diethylphosphite, [33] ammonium polyphosphate, [51], [52] ammonium hexametaphosphate, [53] phenylphosphonic dichloride, [54] triphenylphosphate [55] or 9,10dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). [56] The combination reduces the pHRR and THR in MLC and brings self-extinguishment behavior, which can be further enhanced by the addition of a molecule containing nitrogen, in order to obtain a P-Si-N synergism.…”

“…The coatings enhance char formation, leading to self-extinguishment behavior in a vertical flame test (VFT), while the pHRR and THR are reduced by 68 % and 49 % respectively at mass loss calorimeter test (MLC). [59] Other flame retardants such as alumina particles [60] ZnO, [61] boric acid, borax, or boron-containing additives [55], [62], [63] have also successfully been used to bring self-extinguishment to the fabrics.…”