Pyrolysis properties and kinetics of mandarin peel

Abstract

The thermal property of the pyrolysis reaction of mandarin peel was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermogravimetric analyses with temperature increases of 10, 20 and 40 o C/min showed large weight losses within the temperature range 150-590 o C. Differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis curves illustrated that the pyrolysis of mandarin peel was a multi-step process, consisting of water desorption, the decomposition of pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, and devolatilization of the residual char. The apparent activation energies ranged between 119 and 406 kJ/mol, depending on the pyrolytic conversion. The pyrolysis products were analyzed, using pyrolyzergas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), to evaluate mandarin peel as a renewable source of valuable industrial chemicals. The pyrolysis products of mandarin peel contained high portions of methanol and acetic acid, as well as valuable compounds, such as limonene and vitamin E.

Removal of Cu(II)-ion over amine-functionalized mesoporous silica materials

“…A typical post-synthesis method, entailed refluxing in a nonpolar solvent in the presence of organosilanes, was employed [11,12,15]. The details of the experimental procedure are as follows: 0.5 g of the as-calcinated materials were dispersed in 80 mL of toluene for 0.5 h, at 50 8C, with stirring.…”

“…Mesoporous silica materials, such as MCM-41 and SBA-15, have large surface areas and homogeneous pore sizes [5][6][7][8][9][10]. In addition, the surface of mesoporous silica materials can be readily modified with organic groups to change their characteristics and achieve specific purposes [11,12]. Amine groups are reported to improve the adsorption efficiency of heavy metals when added to the surface of the adsorbent [13].…”

The application of Py-GC/MS for the catalytic upgrading of oil separated from summer food waste leachate

“…The synthesis of Al-SBA-15 was performed using a method in the literature [8]. BEA zeolite (CP814E) was purchased from Zeolyst.…”

Fluorene functionalized nanoporous SBA-15 incorporated into carbon paste electrode for trace copper determination

“…Briefly, a typical post-synthesis method, entailed refluxing in a nonpolar solvent in the presence of 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl trimethoxy silane, was employed to prepare activated silica gel (T-SBA-15) [22,23]. Then a mixture of 2 g of T-SBA-15 was placed in a vacuum for 30 min, then 80 mL of dry toluene was added and stirred for 15 min, 9-bromofluorene (1.11 g, 4.5 mmol) was added to the resulting mixture under an inert atmosphere (Ar) and refluxed for 24 h. Then, it was allowed to cool at room temperature and the toluene was removed by filtration under vacuum.…”