Pyrotechnic Countermeasures: II. Advanced Aerial Infrared Countermeasures

Koch, Ernst‐Christian

doi:10.1002/prep.200600001

Cited by 47 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Because their motion is the same as that of the aircraft, kinematical discrimination will not help identify them. Koch [40] and Titterton [69] mention IR missile defeat mechanisms other than flares that are already used and some that could eventually be developed.…”

Section: On Infrared Missile Seekersmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This was the beginning of a classic ''cat and mouse'' activity between the measures and the countermeasure, which continues to this day. Goddard [24] and Koch [40] present the state of the art in present day countermeasures, the extent of their information being of course limited to what is available from unclassified sources. Goddard points out that initially flares were almost 100% effective against the first generation of missiles.…”

Section: On Infrared Missile Seekersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sagem Défense Sécurité, Safran Group [51] sells the MICA infrared seeker for air-to-air missile that, they claim, offers a high protection against infra-red countermeasures through the use of dual band infra-red imaging, highly sophisticated image and signal algorithms. Table 1, taken from Koch [40], gives an overview of the evolution of IR seeker technology.…”

Section: On Infrared Missile Seekersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infrared target-flare discrimination using a ZISC hardware neural network

Labonté

Deck

2009

J Real-Time Image Proc

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The last generation of infrared imaging aircraft seekers and trackers uses pattern recognition algorithms to find and keep a lock on an aircraft in the presence of decoy flares. These algorithms identify targets, based on the features of the various objects in the missile's field of view. Because modern both aircrafts and missiles fly faster than sound, speed of operation of the target identifier is critical. In this article, we propose a target recognition system that respects this time constraint. It is based on an artificial neural network implemented in hardware, as a set of parallel processors on a commercially available silicon chip called a ZISC, for zero instruction set computer. This chip would be integrated in the infrared missile seeker and tracker. We describe the characteristics of the images that the image processing module of this seeker and tracker extracts from the infrared video frames and show how to construct from these translation and rotation invariant features that can be used as input to the neural network. We determine the individual discriminating power of these features by constructing their histograms, which allows us to eliminate some as not being useful for our purpose. Finally, by testing our system on real data, we show that it has a 90% success rate in aircraft-flare identification, and a processing time that during this time, the aircrafts and missiles will have traveled only a few millimeters. Most of the images on which the neural network makes its mistakes are seen to be hard to recognize even by a human expert.

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Section: On Infrared Missile Seekersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: On Infrared Missile Seekersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: On Infrared Missile Seekersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infrared target-flare discrimination using a ZISC hardware neural network

Labonté

Deck

2009

J Real-Time Image Proc

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“…Therefore, in the early 1950s IR decoy flares were considered to imitate the hot tail pipe radiation [62]. The technology of IRCM flares/seeker interaction has been discussed by the author [63][64][65]. Depending on the duration and magnitude of the exothermic reaction of their payload IR decoy flares yield a distinct electromagnetic signature that is influenced by the chemical constituents of its combustion products.…”

Section: Shsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal–Halocarbon Pyrolant Combustion

Koch

2010

Handbook of Combustion

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Energetic materials are characterized by their ability to undergo a spontaneous highly exothermic reaction. They can be classified into high explosives (HEs), propellants, and pyrolants. High explosives upon initiation yield a detonation -that is a supersonic shock wave sustained by a chemical reaction. Propellants and pyrolants on the contrary undergo a thermally propagated reaction and yield either large amount of gaseous species, or in the case of pyrolants yield mainly condensed products. Unlike most high explosives, which are homogeneous organic compounds containing nitro-and nitramine groups, pyrolants and most propellants are heterogeneous fuel/oxidizer mixtures [1,2].The term pyrolant describes hot burning compositions that are constituted from micrometric or nanometric metal powders and crystalline and/or polymeric oxidizers.Typical pyrolants are used as illuminant (Mg/NaNO 3 ), thermite (Al/Bi 2 O 3 ), and igniter (Zr/BaCrO 4 ) compositions [3], in addition coruscative combinations such as, for example, Zn/S or Mg/P [4, 5] find use as both amateur propellants (sic) and incendiaries [6].An important group of pyrolants consists of combinations of metal powders with halocarbon compounds. The large energy content of metal-halocarbon pyrolants stems from the high enthalpy of formation of the corresponding metal-halogen bond (MÀX). Thus, chlorocarbon and especially fluorocarbon compounds are used as oxidizers. Table 15.1 lists the gravimetric and volumetric enthalpy of combustion, adiabatic flame temperature, and ignition temperature for selected energetic materials taken from the groups of high explosives, propellants, and pyrolants.Mg/Teflon/Viton (MTV) (Teflon is the proprietary brand name of DuPont Company for polytetrafluoroethylene) [7] and Zn/ZnO/hexachloroethane (HC) [8] are typical metal-halocarbon pyrolants and are used as infrared decoy flare compositions (MTV) and obscurant smoke formulations (HC). In addition metal-halocarbon

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“…For commercial Si powder, Mason et al [22] have reported screening experiments for several oxidizers, and have shown that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has the highest predicted adiabatic combustion temperature of any fuel-oxidizer system investigated, suggesting that this composition may be of interest. Metal/ PTFE compositions have had considerable use as pyrotechnics [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], particularly as illuminants [23][24][25][26], due to the high radiant intensity of their combustion products. Recent studies on Si/PTFE combustion [3,29,31] have focused on external characteristics (i.e., oxidizer, equivalence ratio, pressure, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Silicon Powder Characteristics on the Combustion of Silicon/Teflon/Viton Nanoenergetics

Terry¹,

Lin

Manukyan

et al. 2014

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Due to its thin passivation layer, potentially good aging characteristics, and ease of surface functionalization nanoscale silicon (Si) may offer some advantages over nanoaluminum as a reactive fuel in nanoenergetic compositions, particularly with fluorine‐based oxidizers. Currently, Si nanopowder can be quite expensive and the quality of commercial powders has been found to vary drastically. As a result limited efforts have focused on the role of specific surface area, active content, morphology, and dominant particle size of the powder have on the combustion performance. In this work we report the effect of such characteristics on the combustion of silicon (Si)/polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)/FC‐2175 (Viton) (SiTV) nanoenergetics. A cost effective combustion synthesis route, salt assisted combustion synthesis, was used to produce several Si powders and these were directly compared to commercial nanoscale Si powders. Reactive mixtures of SiTV were burned at atmospheric conditions and burning rates, combustion temperatures, spectral intensities, and effective plume emissivities were measured. Measured combustion temperatures ranged from 1664 to 2380 K and were limited by Si powder active content. This was found to drive plume emissivity and maximum spectral intensity, which had values ranging from 0.10 to 0.55 for effective plume emissivity and 17.6 to 48.1 kW m−2 sr−1 μm−1 for maximum spectral intensity. Burning rates ranged from 0.7 to 3.4 mm s−1 and were found to be dependent on the dominant particle size of the powder. Powders synthesized with salt assisted combustion resulted in comparable burning rate, plume emissivity and maximum spectral intensity to porous Si powder (Vesta Ceramics).

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Pyrotechnic Countermeasures: II. Advanced Aerial Infrared Countermeasures

Cited by 47 publications

References 29 publications

Infrared target-flare discrimination using a ZISC hardware neural network

Infrared target-flare discrimination using a ZISC hardware neural network

Metal–Halocarbon Pyrolant Combustion

The Effect of Silicon Powder Characteristics on the Combustion of Silicon/Teflon/Viton Nanoenergetics

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