Pyrrolizidine alkaloids quantified in soil and water using UPLC-MS/MS

Hama, Jawameer Rasool; Strobel, Bjarne W.

doi:10.1039/c9ra05301h

Cited by 34 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This research reports PAs from butterbur in surface water for the first time, and provides evidence for our starting hypothesis that PAs can naturally leach from butterbur into water and make it unsafe to drink. Several previous studies identified PAs as soil or surface water contaminants [70][71][72] . Experimentally determined octanol-water partition coefficients infer little potential PA sorption to soil 73 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Kisielius

Hama

Skrbic

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are persistent mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds produced by many common plant species. Health authorities recommend minimising human exposure via food and medicinal products to ensure consumer health and safety. However, there is little awareness that PAs can contaminate water resources. Therefore, no regulations exist to limit PAs in drinking water. This study measured a PA base concentration of ~ 70 ng/L in stream water adjacent to an invasive PA-producing plant Petasites hybridus (Asteraceae). After intense rain the PA concentration increased tenfold. In addition, PAs measured up to 230 ng/L in seepage water from groundwater wells. The dominant PAs in both water types corresponded to the most abundant PAs in the plants (senkirkine, senecionine, senecionine N-oxide). The study presents the first discovery of persistent plant toxins in well water and their associated risks. In addition, it for the first time reports monocrotaline and monocrotaline N-oxide in Petasites sp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Kisielius

Hama

Skrbic

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Degradation of the alkaloids during storage is therefore likely. Initial nominal concentrations are used for all toxicity estimates due to the 1) stability of the alkaloids during the experimental period, and 2) a recovery study measuring alkaloid concentrations in spiked soils and water using the same method with shorter storage time showed >90% recovery (Hama & Strobel, 2019).…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little environmental data for the concentrations of alkaloids in soil or water is currently published, however, we found four studies measuring plant alkaloids in pore, drainage and surface water (Hama & Strobel, 2019;Günthardt et al, 2020;Hama, 2020;Hama & Strobel, 2020b). A total of 26 alkaloids were measured in these studies.…”

Section: Risk Of Lupins and Other Alkaloid-producing Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity and Risk of Plant-Produced Alkaloids to Daphnia magna.

Griffiths

Strobel

Hama

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Many plants contain phytotoxic alkaloids to deter herbivorous pests and grazing animals. Alkaloids include quinolizidine and indole alkaloids found in the lupin (Lupinus spp.), an ornamental flower and emerging protein crop, as well as pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), an invasive, weed-like flower. When lupins and ragworts are present in large densities in fields, there is a concern that alkaloids may leach into freshwater environments in amounts that may affect non-target organisms, such as Daphnia magna. This study aimed to investigate i) the acute toxicity of alkaloids (gramine, heliotrine, lupanine, lupinine, monocrotaline, monocrotaline N-oxide, senecionine and sparteine) in D. magna, ii) the contribution of these individual alkaloids to lupin plant extract toxicity, iii) the longer term reproductive effects of a representative alkaloid, sparteine, and finalise with iv) a tentative risk assessment for the sum of alkaloids measured in soil and surface waters. Results The alkaloids exhibited toxicity, with 48 h EC50 values in the range of 5.6 to >100 mg/L. The 48 h EC50 of the Lupinus angustifolius plant extract was 1.38 mg/L, which was far more toxic than the simulated extract where lethality was <10% at 10 mg/L after 48 h. Hence, non-measured compounds may have contributed to the joint toxicity. Daphnid mothers exposed to >2.5 mg/L sparteine produced significantly fewer and smaller offspring during the 21-day exposure, making chronic effects occur at concentrations approximately 10-fold lower than the 48 h EC50 for sparteine. The risk assessment of cumulated alkaloids measured in drain, running and pond waters showed a potential risk, particularly for stagnant pond water, where concentrations were severalfold higher than in the drain and running waters. Conclusions The results highlight that natural toxins may contribute to poor chemical quality of natural waters, and that natural toxins from upcoming crops or invasive weeds should be considered aquatic in risk assessments.

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“…Recent studies revealed a large diversity of phytochemicals from different classes of compounds (e.g., formononetin, gramine and senecionine) in environmental samples such as water and soil [18,20,47] and concentrations exceeding thresholds of toxicological concern for drinking water (TTC) [42] in water bodies from natural and agricultural areas. Assuming that only a minor fraction of SPMs in surface waters is known, considering these compounds in water quality monitoring and assessment may not rely on target screening only [9,11,18,20,47]. Here, non-target screening is helpful to access also unknown and unnoticed contaminants such as SPMs using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry LC-HRMS) detecting as many contaminants as possible in parallel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-target screening for detecting the occurrence of plant metabolites in river waters

2020

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Background In surface waters, using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), typically large numbers of chemical signals often with high peak intensity remain unidentified. These chemical signals may represent natural compounds released from plants, animals and microorganisms, which may contribute to the cumulative toxic risk. Thus, attempts were made to identify natural compounds in significant concentrations in surface waters by identifying overlapping LC-HRMS peaks between extracts of plants abundant in the catchment and river waters using a non-target screening (NTS) work flow. Results The result revealed the presence of several thousands of overlapping peaks between water—and plants from local vegetation. Taking this overlap as a basis, 12 SPMs from different compound classes were identified to occur in river waters with flavonoids as a dominant group. The concentrations of the identified compounds ranged from 0.02 to 5 µg/L with apiin, hyperoside and guanosine with highest concentrations. Most of the identified compounds exceeded the threshold for toxicological concern (TTC) (0.1 µg/L) for non-genotoxic and non-endocrine disrupting chemicals in drinking water often by more than one order of magnitude. Conclusion Our results revealed the contribution of chemicals eluted from the vegetation in the catchment to the chemical load in surface waters and help to reduce the number of unknowns among NTS high-intensity peaks detected in rivers. Since secondary plant metabolites (SPMs) are often produced for defence against other organisms and since concentrations ranges are clearly above TTC a contribution to toxic risks on aquatic organisms and impacts on drinking water safety cannot be excluded. This demands for including these compounds into monitoring and assessment of water quality.

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids quantified in soil and water using UPLC-MS/MS

Abstract: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids quantified in soil and water.

Cited by 34 publications

References 30 publications

The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Toxicity and Risk of Plant-Produced Alkaloids to Daphnia magna.

Non-target screening for detecting the occurrence of plant metabolites in river waters

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