Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-Based Covalent Triazine Framework: Three-dimensional Organization of Pores Using Nanostructural Spherical Carbon

Abstract

This study shows that covalently immobilizing triazine-based structures on spherical carbon nanostructures results in the organization of micro- and mesopores in a three-dimensional manner. We selected the nitrile-functionalized pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole unit to form triazine rings to construct a covalent organic framework. Combining spherical carbon nanostructures with the triazine framework produced a material with unique physicochemical properties, exhibiting the highest specific capacitance value of 638 F g-1 in aqueous acidic solutions. This phenomenon is attributed to many factors. The material exhibits a large surface area, a high content of micropores, a high content of graphitic N, and N-sites with basicity and semi-crystalline character. The hybrid systems containing triazines and carbon nano-onions were, for the first time, used as electrodes for supercapacitors. Thanks to the high structural organization and reproducibility, and remarkably high specific capacitance, these systems are a promising material for use in electrochemistry.

Rational design of carbon nanocomposites with hierarchical porosity: a strategy to improve capacitive energy storage performance

“…1). The covalently modified CNOs ( CNO-CN , 5 wt%) 34 were pyrolyzed with the appropriate monomers to obtain the hybrid CTF–CNO materials. ZnCl 2 can act as a catalyst, solvent, and porogen.…”

“…CNOs (60 mg) were dispersed in dichlorobenzene (50 mL) by ultrasonication for 30 min. Then, 4-azidobenzonitrile (240 mg) in dichlorobenzene (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was heated at 120 °C for 12 h. 34 The reaction mixture was then ultrasonicated for 1 h and centrifuged for 10 min. The black powder collected at the bottom of the tube was washed three times with toluene and three times with methanol and then dried overnight in an oven (120 °C) to produce modified CNOs (70 mg).…”

“…6 It is well known that a small amount of the CNO is enough to markedly increase the surface area of the hybrid material and improve its electrochemical properties. 34…”

Hierarchical porosity of hybrid carbon nanomaterials based on a covalent triazine framework for high-performance capacitive energy storage

“…The synthesis of CTFs based on tetraarylpyrrolo [3,2-b]pyrrole symmetrically substituted with cyanobenzene and 4-isopropylphenyl units has previously been reported by our group. 15 Notably, this is the first report in which a pyrrolopyrrole moiety was used as a core in a CTF structure. A small amount of CNOs (5 wt%) was enough to markedly increase the surface area of the hybrid material and improve its electrochemical properties.…”

“…An extremely high specific capacitance value (638 F g -1 in an aqueous acidic solution) for materials containing CTFs was reported, which is the highest value recorded for CTFs. 15 Encouraged by these results, we designed CTFs with different structural pores and their hybrids with CNOs to find a material with electrochemical performance applicable in supercapacitors.…”