Q fever and prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in milk

Pexara, Andreana; Σολωμάκος, Νικόλαος; Govaris, Α.

doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.004

Cited by 60 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…This epidemiological situation is in line with that of other countries where studies on Q fever have been conducted and which have reported high seroprevalence levels based on individual serum or bulk tank milk samples (EFSA, ; Georgiev et al., ; Pexara, Solomakos, & Govaris, ) and frequent detection of C. burnetii in the environment of ruminant farms (Bielawska‐Drozd et al., ; de Bruin, van der Plaats, et al., ). However, only a few studies detailed the bacterial loads detected in environmental samples (Kersh et al., , ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms

Carrié

Barry

Rousset

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary Q fever is a zoonotic abortive disease of ruminants mostly transmitted by inhalation of aerosols contaminated by Coxiella burnetii. Clusters of cases or even epidemics regularly occur in humans but, to date, there is no consensus about the best way to carry out outbreak investigations in order to identify potential farms at risk. Although environmental samples might be useful during such investigations, there are few baseline data on the presence of C. burnetii in the environment of ruminant farms. We thus investigated dust samples from cattle, sheep and goat farm buildings in order to (a) estimate C. burnetii detection frequency and bacterial loads in the environment, and (b) determine whether this environmental contamination is associated with series of abortions attributed to Q fever. We considered 113 herds with a recent abortive episode potentially related (n = 60) or not (n = 53) to C. burnetii. Dust was sampled using a swab cloth and tested by a quantitative PCR method targeting the IS1111 gene. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected on 9 of 50 cattle farms, 13 of 19 goat farms and 30 of 40 sheep farms. On 16 cloths, bacterial loads were higher than 108 genome equivalents, levels as high as in infectious materials such as placentas and aborted foetuses. Overall, the probability of detecting C. burnetii DNA was higher on small ruminant farms than cattle farms, in herds suspected of Q fever and in large herds. We conclude that swab cloths are a putative indicator of contamination of ruminant farms by C. burnetii.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms

Carrié

Barry

Rousset

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Pasteurization was originally introduced to control Mycobacterium bovis, which causes tuberculosis (TB), which is no longer problematic as cows are tested for TB annually and removed from herds if they test positive for the disease [46]. The TB bacillus is a highly heat resistant microorganism; however, Coxiella burnetii, the cause of Q fever in humans [47], required pasteurization of 161°F (71.7°C) for 15 s, and is the current official standard for milk pasteurization [48], the standard vat pasteurization is 63°C (145°F) for 30 min. However, heat processing can result in the loss of subtle aroma and flavors components, loss of vitamins and natural antioxidants, the loss of texture and freshness, and the denaturation of proteins.…”

Section: Pasteurizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dairy Industry: Process, Monitoring, Standards, and Quality

Burke¹,

Zacharski²,

Southern³

et al. 2018

Descriptive Food Science

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Sampling and analysis occur along the milk processing train: from collection at farm level, to intake at the diary plant, the processing steps, and the end products. Milk has a short shelf life; however, products such as milk powders have allowed a global industry to be developed. Quality control tests are vital to support activities for hygiene and food standards to meet regulatory and customer demands. Multiples of chemical and microbiological contamination tests are undertaken. Hazard analysis testing strategies are necessary, but some tests may be redundant; it is therefore vital to identify product optimization quality control strategies. The time taken to undergo testing and turnaround time are rarely measured. The dairy industry is a traditional industry with a low margin commodity. Industry 4.0 vision for dairy manufacturing is to introduce the aspects of operational excellence and implementation of information and communications technologies. The dairy industries' reply to Industry 4.0 is represented predominantly by proactive maintenance and optimization of production and logistical chains, such as robotic milking machines and processing and packaging line automation reinforced by sensors for rapid chemical and microbial analysis with improved and real-time data management. This chapter reviews the processing trains with suggestions for improved optimization.

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“…Q-fever is a disease of public health significance, which can also cause financial losses to animal owners (Gwida et al 2014). Serological evidence of C. burnetii infections in ruminants has been reported in several countries (Knobel et al 2013, Haider et al 2015, Pexara et al 2018. In South Africa, the last documented report of C. burnetii in animals was in 1987, where 7.8% of cattle in the former Transvaal province, South Africa were seropositive for the pathogen (Gummow et al 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sero-Epidemiological Study of Selected Zoonotic and Abortifacient Pathogens in Cattle at a Wildlife-Livestock Interface in South Africa

Adesiyun

Knobel

Thompson

et al. 2020

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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A cross sectional sero-epidemiological study was conducted on cattle in a communal farming area adjacent to Kruger National Park at a wildlife-livestock interface in South Africa. A total of 184 cattle were screened for exposure to 5 abortifacient or zoonotic pathogens, namely Coxiella burnetii, Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydophila abortus, Neospora caninum, and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, the virus neutralization test was used to confirm the presence of antibodies to RVFV. The seroprevalence of C. burnetii, T. gondii, C. abortus, N. caninum, and RVFV antibodies was 38.0%, 32.6%, 20.7%, 1.6%, and 0.5%, respectively, and varied between locations (p < 0.001). Seroprevalence of C. burnetii and T. gondii was highly clustered by location (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.57), and that of C. abortus moderately so (ICC = 0.11). Seroprevalence was not associated with sex or age for any pathogen, except for C. abortus, for which seroprevalence was positively associated with age (p = 0.01). The predominant mixed infections were C. burnetii and T. gondii (15.2%) and C. burnetii, T. gondii, and C. abortus (13.0%). The serological detection of the five abortifacient pathogens in cattle indicates the potential for economic losses to livestock farmers, health impacts to domestic animals, transmission across the livestock-wildlife interface, and the risk of zoonotic transmission. This is the first documentation of T. gondii infection in cattle in South Africa, while exposure to C. burnetii, C. abortus, and N. caninum infections is being reported for the first time in cattle in a wildlife-livestock interface in the country.

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Q fever and prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in milk

Cited by 60 publications

References 82 publications

Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms

Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms

The Dairy Industry: Process, Monitoring, Standards, and Quality

Sero-Epidemiological Study of Selected Zoonotic and Abortifacient Pathogens in Cattle at a Wildlife-Livestock Interface in South Africa

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