QbD Based Extraction of Naringin from Citrus sinensis L. Peel and its Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

Background: Naringin, a bioflavanoid possessing multifaceted pharmacological properties present in Citrus sinensis peel. Our research demonstrates the process parameter at which high yield of naringin can be extracted from Citrus sinensis peel in "one run." Objectives: The study compares the efficacy of different modern and conventional methods for naringin extraction. Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was availed for optimization of process parameters for the extraction of naringin from Citrus sinensis peels. Materials and Methods: Extraction conditions (extraction time, solvent-to-drug ratio and extraction temperature) were optimized by Quality by Design (QbD), specifically BBD. Quantification analysis of naringin in different extracts was done using HPLC. Further, the antioxidant potential of different extracts of C. sinensis were assessed with the DPPH method. Results: Ultrasound-assisted extraction method gives the highest yield of naringin and ethanol found to be the most effective extractive solvent. Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for naringin extraction were established as extraction temperature-65.508°C, solvent-to-drug ratio-25.880 mL/g and extraction time-29.978 min. Under such conditions, naringin was yielded as 2.021 mg/g, which was nearly contiguous to the predicted value of 2.20 mg/g. The ethanolic extract has unveiled significant antioxidant activity with a percentage inhibition of 71.54%. Conclusion: The Ultrasound-assisted extraction method stood out to be the best amongst all the other thermal and non-thermal modes of extraction used, and ethanol was proved to be the most efficient extracting solvent. Furthermore, naringin extraction was significantly affected by all three different variables. The present work highlights the use of QbD, a multivariate statistical technique in the extraction field of therapeutically potent phytoconstituents, which makes the optimization method less laborious and time-saving than the traditional optimization method.

Nanotransethosomes for enhanced transdermal delivery of mangiferin against rheumatoid arthritis: formulation, characterization, invivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation

“…Mangiferin (MNF) is a natural xanthanoid chiefly present in Mangifera indica, Iris unguicularis, Salacia chinensis, Cyclopia genistoides, Anemarrhena asphodeloides , and Bombax ceiba (Khare et al., 2016 ; Tang et al., 2014 ). MNF has been copiously used in myriads of therapeutic fields because of its profuse pharmacological profile including antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiarthritic, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, lipometabolism regulating, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti hyperuricemic, antiaging, antioxidative, neuroprotective, antipyretic, and analgesic activity MNF evince promising antiarthritic potential by virtue of its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic property (Adin et al., 2022a , 2022b , 2022c, 2022d; Adin et al, 2023 ; Gupta et al., 2022a , 2022b , 2022c , 2022d, 2022e ). Luczkiewicz et.…”

Application of QbD‐based approach to the development and validation of an RP‐HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of pregabalin and naringin in dual‐drug loaded liposomes

“…After determining the effect of variables on method performance under diverse experimental conditions, an analytical method performance strategy was developed to limit risk and to ensure that the adopted method produces preferable quality attributes (Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2023; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, Mujeeb, & Sultana, 2022b).…”

“…Pregabalin, an anticonvulsant and anxiolytic drug (Figure 1), is widely used to treat epilepsy, generalized anxiety disorder (Pregabalin, 2019), neuropathic pain (Frampton, 2014), restless leg syndrome and fibromyalgia (Iftikhar et al, 2017). Naringin, a flavonoid (Figure 1b), has been extensively explored both in vivo and in vitro and found to exhibit multifaceted pharmacological activities which include antiasthmatic (Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), antiosteoporotic (Gupta, Adin, Aqil, Mujeeb, & Ahad, 2022), antiapoptotic (Adin, Gupta, Ahad, et al, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), antitumor (Adin, Gupta, Ali, et al, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), antioxidant (Adin, Gupta, Ali, et al, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), anti‐infammatory (Adin, Gupta, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), anti‐ulcer (Adinet al, 2023a; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), neuroprotective (Adin, Gupta, Aqil, Mujeeb, & Ahad, 2023; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022), anxiolytic (Adinet al, 2023b; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2022) and anticarcinogenic activities (Adin, Gupta, Aqil, et al, 2023; Gupta, Adin, Aqil, & Mujeeb, 2023). A combination of PRG and NRN is expected to be effective against neuropathic pain, anxiety and epilepsy owing to their therapeutic potential.…”

Spanlastics as a Potential Approach for Enhancing the Nose-To-Brain Delivery of Piperine: In Vitro Prospect and In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy for the Management of Epilepsy

“…Piperine (PIP) is an alkaloid that is chiefly present in plants: Piper nigrum , Piper longum , and Piper officinarum [ 9 ]. PIP has been copiously explored in diverse therapeutic fields due to its multifaceted biological profile that includes antihypertensive, antioxidant, antipyretic, antitumor, anti-asthmatics, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, anxiolytic, hepato-protective, antibacterial, antispasmodic, immunomodulatory, antifungal, neuroprotective, antimutagenic, and antimetastatic activity [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. PIP manifests promising antiepileptic potential by dint of its antioxidant and neuroprotective potential [ 17 ].…”