Fermion localization functions are used to discuss electronic and nucleonic shell structure effects in the superheavy element oganesson, the heaviest element discovered to date. Spin-orbit splitting in the 7p electronic shell becomes so large (∼10 eV) that Og is expected to show uniform-gas-like behavior in the valence region with a rather large dipole polarizability compared to the lighter rare gas elements. The nucleon localization in Og is also predicted to undergo a transition to the Thomas-Fermi gas behavior in the valence region. This effect, particularly strong for neutrons, is due to the high density of single-particle orbitals. 118 Og, 0.89 þ1.07 −0.31 ms, is too short for chemical "oneatom-at-a-time" studies; hence, its chemical properties must be inferred from advanced atomic calculations based on relativistic quantum theory [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. According to these, Og has a closed-shell ½Rn 5f 14 6d 10 7s 2 7p 6 configuration [13,20,21], with a very large spin-orbit splitting of the 7p shell (9.920 eV at the Dirac-Breit-Hartree-Fock and 10.125 eV at the Fock-space coupled-cluster level; see below). In contrast to its electronic configuration (Og completes the seventh period of the periodic table), it is not expected to behave like a typical rare gas of group 18. For example, the relativistic 7p 3=2 expansion and the relativistic 8s contraction make Og the first rare gas element with a positive electron affinity of 0.064 eV [10,16,22]. This result includes a substantial quantum electrodynamic correction of 0.006 eV [16].Nuclear structure calculations predict 294 Og to be a deformed nucleus [23][24][25][26], eight neutrons away from the next neutron shell closure at 302 Og (N ¼ 184) [27][28][29][30][31][32]. A new factor impacting properties of superheavy nuclei is the strong electrostatic repulsion: The Coulomb force in superheavy nuclei cannot be treated as a small perturbation atop the dominating nuclear interaction; the resulting polarization effects due to Coulomb frustration are expected to influence significantly the proton and neutron