QED Mesons, the QED Neutron, and the Dark Matter

Abstract

Schwinger’s boson solution for massless fermions in QED in 1+1D has been applied and generalized to quarks interacting in QED and QCD interactions, leading to stable and confined open-string QED and QCD boson excitations of the quark-QCD-QED system in 1+1D. Just as the open-string QCD excitations in 1+1D can be the idealization of QCD mesons with a flux tube in 3+1D, so the open-string QED excitations in 1+1D may likewise be the idealization of QED mesons with masses in the tens of MeV region, corresponding possibly to the anomalous X17 and E38 particles observed recently. A further search for bound states of quarks interacting in the QED interaction alone leads to the examination on the stability of the QED neutron, consisting of two d quarks and one u quark. Theoretically, the QED neutron has been found to be stable and estimated to have a mass of 44.5 MeV, whereas the analogous QED proton is unstable, leading to a long-lived QED neutron that may be a good candidate for the dark matter.

QED Meson Description of the Anomalous Particles at ∼17 and ∼38 MeV

“…In [24,29,126]. Using such a relationship, we find that that π 0 , η, and η ′ can be adequately described as open-string q q QCD mesons.…”

“…Although the mass of the hypothetical X17 particle was close to the isoscalar QED meson predicted earlier in [24], the X17 boson led to many speculations as discussed in the Proceedings of the Workshop on "Shedding lights on the X17" [42]. The proposed models include the QED meson [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], the axion [49], the fifth force of Nature [50], a dark photon [53], new physics particles [54], the Framed Standard Model [55][56][57][58], Higgs doublet [59], a 12-quark state [62], a light pseudoscalar [63], and dressed QED radiation [71]. The experimental confirmation of the hypothetical X17 particle is being actively pursued by many laboratories [42], including ATOMKI [43,44], HUS [45], Dubna [72], New JEDI [73], STAR [74], MEGII [75,76], ATLAS [77,78], CTU Prague [79,80], NTOF [81], NA64 [82], INFN-Rome [83], NA48 [84], Mu3e [85], MAGIX/DarkMESA [86], JLAB PAC50 [87,…”

“…The success of the open-string description of the QCD and QED mesons leads to the search for other neutral quark systems stabilized by the QED interaction between the constituents in the color-singlet subgroup, with the color-octet QCD gauge interaction as a spectator field. Of particular interest is the QED neutron with the d, u, and d quarks [28,29]. They form a color product group of 3 ⊗ 3 ⊗ 3 = 1 ⊕ 8 ⊕ 8 ⊕ 10, which contains a color-singlet subgroup 1, where the color-singlet currents and the color-singlet QED gauge fields reside.…”

“…The ATOMKI observation of the hypothetical X17 particle has generated a great deal of interest [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Although the mass of the hypothetical X17 particle was close to the isoscalar QED meson predicted earlier in [24], the X17 boson led to many speculations as discussed in the Proceedings of the Workshop on "Shedding lights on the X17" [42].…”

“…The transverse momenta of the anomalous soft photons lie in the region of many tens of MeV/c, corresponding to the production of neutral bosons with masses in the region of many tens of MeV. Many different descriptions have been put forth to interpret the anomalous soft photons, including a cold quark gluon plasma [11][12][13][14], pion condensate [15], pion reflection [16], corrections to bremsstrahlung [17], color flux tube particle production [18], stochastic QCD vacuum [19,20], ADS/CFT supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory [21], Unruh radiation [22], closed quark-antiquark loop [23], QED-confined q q states [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], and induced currents in the Dirac sea [34].…”