QMRA and water safety management: review of application in drinking water systems

Petterson, Susan; Ashbolt, Nicholas J.

doi:10.2166/wh.2016.262

Cited by 73 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…As was seen in the QMRA results in our study, removal efficiencies varied between the PWW experiment and the literature especially in UV and chlorine disinfection. These results therefore support the fact that each waterworks has its own individual processes with individual removal efficiencies of microbes, and that without real data QMRA results are only estimates [39]. This highlights the importance of carrying out pilot scale experiments in local conditions and confirming the applicability of literature values prior use.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Determination of Removal Efficiencies for Escherichia coli, Clostridial Spores, and F-Specific Coliphages in Unit Processes of Surface Waterworks for QMRA Applications

Hokajärvi

Pitkänen

Meriläinen

et al. 2018

Water

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The removal efficiencies of bacteria, bacterial spores, and viruses after a change in source water and water pH in coagulation were studied at pilot scale in coagulation with flotation, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection with UV and chlorine. The results were compared to the treatment efficiencies of full-scale waterworks and data from literature. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)-method was applied to estimate the numbers of illness cases caused by Campylobacter and norovirus after simulation of six operational malfunction scenarios. Coagulation with flotation and disinfection were more efficient in removing Clostridium spp. spores and MS2 coliphages than sand filtration in the pilot scale experiments (p < 0.001-0.008). The removal of E. coli was more efficient in sand filtration and in disinfection compared to coagulation with flotation (p = 0.006 and 0.01). Source water or pH change in coagulation had not significant effects on the removal efficiency of microbes. In QMRA, when disinfection was not in use, an increase in the number of illness cases compared to the normal situation was noticed. The variability in the number of illness cases demonstrated the importance of site-specific data in QMRA. This study provides new information on applying QMRA in both pilot and full-scale waterworks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Determination of Removal Efficiencies for Escherichia coli, Clostridial Spores, and F-Specific Coliphages in Unit Processes of Surface Waterworks for QMRA Applications

Hokajärvi

Pitkänen

Meriläinen

et al. 2018

Water

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“…The cell culture assays strongly indicate that chlorine and temperature treatment led to a complete loss of adenovirus infectivity (≥4.34 log 10 ; see Figure 1A,C) and UV to a large loss (3.46 log 10 ; Figure 1B). These results demonstrate that relying on qPCR alone would overestimate the amount of infectious HAdV, with reduction rates of merely 0.07 log 10 after inactivation by UV (HAdV-Hernroth) and 1.07 log 10 by Chlorine (HAdV-Heim), thus resulting in misleading quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) [26,70]. Utilization of PMA ci-qPCR led to a signal reduction that corresponded in part with cell culture (temperature, HAdV-Heim).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Capsid Integrity qPCR—An Azo-Dye Based and Culture-Independent Approach to Estimate Adenovirus Infectivity after Disinfection and in the Aquatic Environment

Leifels

Shoults

Wiedemeyer

et al. 2019

Water

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Recreational, reclaimed and drinking source waters worldwide are under increasing anthropogenic pressure, and often contain waterborne enteric bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens originating from non-point source fecal contamination. Recently, the capsid integrity (ci)-qPCR, utilizing the azo-dyes propidium monoazide (PMA) or ethidium monoazide (EMA), has been shown to reduce false-positive signals under laboratory conditions as well as in food safety applications, thus improving the qPCR estimation of virions of public health significance. The compatibility of two widely used human adenovirus (HAdV) qPCR protocols was evaluated with the addition of a PMA/EMA pretreatment using a range of spiked and environmental samples. Stock suspensions of HAdV were inactivated using heat, UV, and chlorine before being quantified by cell culture, qPCR, and ci-qPCR. Apparent inactivation of virions was detected for heat and chlorine treated HAdV while there was no significant difference between ci-qPCR and qPCR protocols after disinfection by UV. In a follow-up comparative analysis under more complex matrix conditions, 51 surface and 24 wastewater samples pre/post UV treatment were assessed for enteric waterborne HAdV to evaluate the ability of ci-qPCR to reduce the number of false-positive results when compared to conventional qPCR and cell culture. Azo-dye pretreatment of non-UV inactivated samples was shown to improve the ability of molecular HAdV quantification by reducing signals from virions with an accessible genome, thereby increasing the relevance of qPCR results for public health purposes, particularly suited to resource-limited low and middle-income settings.

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“…Loss of hospital water supplies (e.g., due to a crisis or intermittent service) puts patients at greater risk and often requires compromises in sanitary procedures or physiologically stressful patient transfers. Approach and methodology options for addressing uncertainty and unknown risks include the precautionary principle, expert consultation, probabilistic inference, sensitivity tests, fuzzy-set theory, value-based weighting preferences, or conditional rules (Almaarofi et al, 2017;Dominguez-Chicas and Scrimshaw, 2010;Petterson and Ashbolt, 2016). Automated data production, management, and decision-support systems may aid in earlier detection of risks, enabling faster response times.…”

Section: Risk Assessment and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faster and safer: Research priorities in water and health

Setty¹,

Loret²,

Courtois³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals initiated in 2016 reiterated the need for safe water and healthy lives across the globe. The tenth anniversary meeting of the International Water and Health Seminar in 2018 brought together experts, students, and practitioners, setting the stage for development of an inclusive and evidence-based research agenda on water and health. Data collection relied on a nominal group technique gathering perceived research priorities as well as underlying drivers and adaptation needs. Under a common driver of public health protection, primary research priorities included the socioeconomy of water, risk assessment and management, and improved monitoring methods and intelligence. Adaptations stemming from these drivers included translating existing knowledge to providing safe and timely services to support the diversity of human water needs. Our findings present a comprehensive agenda of topics at the forefront of water and health research. This information can frame and inform collective efforts of water and health researchers over the coming decades, contributing to improved water services, public health, and socioeconomic outcomes.

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QMRA and water safety management: review of application in drinking water systems

Cited by 73 publications

References 75 publications

Determination of Removal Efficiencies for Escherichia coli, Clostridial Spores, and F-Specific Coliphages in Unit Processes of Surface Waterworks for QMRA Applications

Determination of Removal Efficiencies for Escherichia coli, Clostridial Spores, and F-Specific Coliphages in Unit Processes of Surface Waterworks for QMRA Applications

Capsid Integrity qPCR—An Azo-Dye Based and Culture-Independent Approach to Estimate Adenovirus Infectivity after Disinfection and in the Aquatic Environment

Faster and safer: Research priorities in water and health

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