QRS 3d Voltage Time Integral (3d QRS Area) in Cardiomyopathy and Narrow QRS Complex

Electrocardiographic prediction of left ventricular hypertrophy in women and men with left bundle branch block – Comparison of QRS duration, amplitude and voltage-time-integral

“…QRS 3D-voltage-time-integral (VTI QRS-3D ) is a novel summary metric obtained by the integrating, over the duration of the QRS, the instantaneous absolute 3D ECG voltage (root-mean-square of orthogonal X, Y, Z coordinate instantaneous voltages) [ 16 – 20 ]. 3D QRS area, an approximation of VTI QRS-3D , has been proposed as a marker for patient selection and evaluating response to resynchronization therapy [ 21 – 24 ].…”