Electronic-level
ordering in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is a route to modulate
their electronic properties such as optical absorption, band alignment,
work function, charge separation, charge carrier lifetimes, and ground-
or excited-state conductivity. A systematic application of this approach
requires the knowledge on how a MOF chemical composition affects its
electronic structure. In this work, the fundamental principles for
selecting MOF components to achieve targeted level alignment are considered.
Correlations between the electronic parameters of building blocks
and MOF band structure are analyzed. The factors affecting the energy
position of constituents are discussed. In particular, the impact
of the chemical composition of ligands, including the structure of
its scaffold and side groups, on their energy positions in MOFs is
addressed. Besides, the effect of the choice of reference potential
and surface termination on the band alignment is investigated. The
performance of several density functionals in the computation of absolute
band positions is assessed. Finally, general principles for the modification
of the MOF electronic structure are formulated and the routes to achieve
an appropriate band alignment with carrier-transporting materials,
co-catalysts, and redox reaction potentials are suggested.