With the genomic sequencing of Arabidopsis nearing completion and rice sequencing very much in its infancy, a key question is whether we can exploit the Arabidopsis sequence to identify candidate genes for traits in cereal crops using a map-based approach. This requires the existence of colinearity between the Arabidopsis and cereal genomes, represented by rice, which is readily detectable using currently available resources, that is, Arabidopsis genomic sequence, rice ESTs, and genetic and physical maps. A detailed study of the colinearity remaining between two small regions of Arabidopsis chromosome 1 and rice suggests that at least in these regions of the Arabidopsis genome, conservation of gene orders with rice has been eroded to the point that it is no longer identifiable using comparative mapping. Although our analysis does not preclude that tracts of colinear gene orders may be identified using sequence comparisons or may exist in other regions of the rice and Arabidopsis genomes, it is unlikely that the extent of colinearity will be sufficient to allow map-based cross-species gene prediction and isolation. Our research also highlights the difficulties encountered in identifying orthologs using BLAST searches in incomplete sequence databases. This complicates the interpretation of comparative data among highly divergent species and limits the exploitation of Arabidopsis sequence in monocot studies.Comparative genome analyses have shown the existence of conserved gene orders (colinearity) in the genomes of different plant and mammal species. In plants, this is best documented in the grass family, where colinearity has been maintained over evolutionary periods as long as 60 million years (Devos and Gale 1997; Gale and Devos 1998). In mammals, the most comprehensive comparative maps are available for human and mouse, which diverged ∼70 million years ago (Carver and Stubbs 1997). Although short-range conserved synteny has been demonstrated between the genomes of human and chicken (Klein et al. 1996) and human and pufferfish (Elgar et al. 1996), which diverged some 300 and 400 million years ago, respectively, conserved synteny does not imply conservation of gene orders. Paterson et al. (1996) predicted that 43%-58% of chromosomal tracts Յ3 cM should have remained colinear over the evolutionary time period [130-240 million years (Wolfe et al. 1989;Crane et al. 1995)] separating the monocots and eudicots and provided some empirical mapping data to support this hypothesis. With a large part of the Arabidopsis sequence available, we aimed to investigate whether Arabidopsisrice colinearity can be identified and thus exploited using currently available data and tools. The key issue is not the existence of colinearity at the sequence level. It is clear that any colinearity that can be detected only when the genomic sequence is available for both rice and Arabidopsis will have limited applications. Once the rice sequence is available, the exploitation of rice, and not Arabidopsis, sequence will be the priority in cere...