“…Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), which allows transcriptomic data collection from thousands of cells in parallel (Quake, 2021), enables examination of cellular states at individual cell level, leading to insights into diverse cell type identification, gene regulation, and cellular communication (Jindal et al, 2018;Osorio et al, 2020;2022;Yang et al, 2023). Compared to traditional single-cell techniques that measure only one aspect of cellular activity, the ability of multimodal (Ling et al, 2023;Han et al, 2022a; approaches has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of cellular behavior and function, thereby shedding light on a vast array of biological questions. Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-seq) (Stoeckius et al, 2017) is a cutting-edge sequencing method that allows simultaneous measurement of gene and surface protein expression at the single-cell level.…”