Quadrature phase detection based on a laser self-mixing interferometer with a wedge for displacement measurement

Li, Dongyu; Li, Qinghua; Jin, Xiao; Xu, Bing; Wang, Deng; Liu, Xuping; Zhang, Tingting; Zhang, Zhenghe; Huang, Minglang; Hu, Xiaohui; Li, Chengwei; Huang, Zhen

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111888

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In this paper, CWT is applied to the SMI signal Sigt. Based on CWT principles [21] , the CWT coefficient W of the signal is expressed as follows:…”

Section: Data Processing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides measuring temporal signal waveform fringe number [18] and frequency spectral width [7] , novel precise alternatives for particle detection are still required. As a kind of phase observation tool, the phase-unwrapping method (PUM) has been exhaustively studied in SMI sensor systems [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] , and the spatial resolution even can reach λ=67 [28] . This processing method normally involves two steps: the first step is phase retrieval, and the second step is to estimate the feedback factor and linewidth enhancement factor for phase profile correction and displacement reconstruction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phase-unwrapping algorithm combined with wavelet transform and Hilbert transform in self-mixing interference for individual microscale particle detection

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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The self-mixing interferometry (SMI) technique is an emerging sensing technology in microscale particle classification. However, due to the nature of the SMI effect raised by a microscattering particle, the signal analysis suffers from many problems compared with a macro target, such as lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), short transit time, and time-varying modulation strength. Therefore, the particle sizing measurement resolution is much lower than the one in typical displacement measurements. To solve these problems, in this paper, first, a theoretical model of the phase variation of a singleparticle SMI signal burst is demonstrated in detail. The relationship between the phase variation and the particle size is investigated, which predicts that phase observation could be another alternative for particle detection. Second, combined with continuous wavelet transform and Hilbert transform, a novel phase-unwrapping algorithm is proposed. This algorithm can implement not only efficient individual burst extraction from the noisy raw signal, but also precise phase calculation for particle sizing. The measurement shows good accuracy over a range from 100 nm to 6 μm with our algorithm, proving that our algorithm enables a simple and reliable quantitative particle characteristics retrieval and analysis methodology for microscale particle detection in biomedical or laser manufacturing fields.

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“…In this paper, CWT is applied to the SMI signal Sigt. Based on CWT principles [21] , the CWT coefficient W of the signal is expressed as follows:…”

Section: Data Processing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-unwrapping algorithm combined with wavelet transform and Hilbert transform in self-mixing interference for individual microscale particle detection

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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show abstract

“…To eliminate the need for this direction estimation, researchers proposed the orthogonal phase unwrapping method (OPUM). The OPUM uses external optical devices [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ] or additional modulation circuits [ 33 ] to generate a pair of orthogonal SMI signals. This method leverages the discontinuity of the tangent function and the orthogonal unwrapping method to calculate the optical feedback phase without requiring direction estimations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displacement Sensing for Laser Self-Mixing Interferometry by Amplitude Modulation and Integral Reconstruction

Huang,

Lai,

Chen

2024

Sensors

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To robustly and adaptively reconstruct displacement, we propose the amplitude modulation integral reconstruction method (AM-IRM) for displacement sensing in a self-mixing interferometry (SMI) system. By algebraically multiplying the SMI signal with a high-frequency sinusoidal carrier, the frequency spectrum of the signal is shifted to that of the carrier. This operation overcomes the issue of frequency blurring in low-frequency signals associated with continuous wavelet transform (CWT), enabling the precise extraction of the Doppler frequency of the SMI signal. Furthermore, the synchrosqueezing wavelet transform (SSWT) is utilized to enhance the frequency resolution of the Doppler signal. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a displacement reconstruction accuracy of 21.1 nm (0.89%). Additionally, our simulations demonstrated that this method can accurately reconstruct target displacement under the conditions of time-varying optical feedback intensity or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 0 dB, with a maximum root mean square (RMS) error of 22.2 nm. These results highlight its applicability in real-world environments. This method eliminates the need to manually determine the window length for time–frequency conversion, calculate the parameters of the SMI system, or add additional optical devices, making it easy to implement.

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“…The parts' thickness could be measured as the difference between two distances from the laser to the parts' and axes' surfaces. The applications of speed or distance measurements were widely reported due to its low-cost and single-channel system [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of monitoring thickness and speed of cylindrical part based on laser self-mixing interference in a single-channel system during external grinding

Sun,

Yang,

Feng

et al. 2023

Second International Conference on Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering (OICE 2023)

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We design a simultaneous measurement of the thickness and speed to monitor mechanical cylindrical parts during external grinding based on a laser self-mixing interference in a single-channel system. If the wavelength is modulated via the laser-injecting-current to generate a frequency shifting corresponding to the rising- and falling- edge of the triangular modulated function. The Doppler frequency caused by the cylindrical part is split into rising- and falling- edge frequencies by the frequency shifting due to wavelength variations. The expressions of the measurement are derived via the derivative of the phase’s polynomial based on the emission-intensity expressions. The frequency shifting is related to the modulation function and the thickness of the cylindrical part. The rising- and falling- edge frequencies of the laser self-mixing interference obtained from the spectrum are used for calculating the Doppler frequency and the frequency shifting for estimating the thickness and the rotation speed of a cylindrical part during external grinding and the results show a good standard derivation less than 10−3 .

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Quadrature phase detection based on a laser self-mixing interferometer with a wedge for displacement measurement

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Phase-unwrapping algorithm combined with wavelet transform and Hilbert transform in self-mixing interference for individual microscale particle detection

Phase-unwrapping algorithm combined with wavelet transform and Hilbert transform in self-mixing interference for individual microscale particle detection

Displacement Sensing for Laser Self-Mixing Interferometry by Amplitude Modulation and Integral Reconstruction

Design of monitoring thickness and speed of cylindrical part based on laser self-mixing interference in a single-channel system during external grinding

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