Quadricuspid Aortic Valve and Anomalous Systemic Venous Connection in a Patient With Cat-Eye Syndrome

Quadricuspid aortic valve and supracrystal interventricular communication in a Brazilian equestrian horse

“…The first diagnoses of this anomaly in humans occurred through necropsies in the 19th century, but currently the most widely used diagnostic methods are transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, the latter being considered the best method (Salum et al, 2002;Konrad et al, 2009;Brugts et al, 2015;Yuan, 2016). In horses, the available diagnostic method is transthoracic echocardiography, which was employed in the case reported.…”

Quadricuspid Aortic Valve Complicated with Severe Aortic Regurgitation and Left-Sided Inferior Vena Cava

“…Accumulating case reports have demonstrated usefulness of 2- and 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and the exact delineation of the mechanism of the regurgitation 3). This aortic valvular malformation is commonly associated with other congenital cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary artery anomalies, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, or anomalous systemic venous connections 2)4). On the other hand, most of cases with left-sided IVC are asymptomatic and incidentally depicted on ultrasound or CT imaging; however, clinical significance of left-sided IVC includes increased risks of bleeding during abdominal surgery, particularly right-sided deep vein thrombosis, complications associated with IVC filter implantation, nutcracker phenomenon leading to renal venous hypertension, and misdiagnosis as lymphadenopathy on imaging modalities 5).…”