Qualifying and Supporting Women in Industrial Tea and Energy Production Enterprises

Abstract

Women are often victims of a glass ceiling, and face numerous obstacles in reaching the highest positions in most companies. In two tea and energy production companies with a diversity policy, our study shows that, in addition to obstacles linked to the organization's policy, barriers persist at individual level, but also at the level of organizational culture. Based on research carried out on human capital, we highlight three dimensions of career development: personal factors, family organization and organizational context. The study is based on survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews focusing on the career analysis and reactions of seven 6 female managers and 5 female co-workers from these companies, specifying the factors that enabled them to progress, but also the obstacles they encountered.

Between the Institution of the Notables and That of the Bashingantahe: Conflict or Complementarity in the Service of the Independence of Local Justice in Burundi

“…In the years that followed, numerous proposals were put forward to further strengthen the role of the Bashingantahe. As early as the 1990s, with the return to democracy 30 years later (Jonya et al, 2024;Nyabenda & Sindayigaya, 2024), Burundi's constitution promulgated in March 1992 gave pride of place to the institution of the Bashingantahe, specifying that "the election of the commune's governing bodies (communal assembly, communal council, and administrator) shall be based on the Ubushingantahe, outside political party competition" (article 178).…”

“…No one is unaware of the advantages that litigants can enjoy when judicial services are close to them, but beyond the distances involved, there is one aspect that must be taken into consideration if the population is really to enjoy a fair trial. This is when the administration of justice is good, which is impossible if the latter is not independent, a sine qua non if it is to attract the confidence of the population (Jonya et al, 2024;Nyabenda & Sindayigaya, 2024;Sindayigaya, 2024). Legal specialists are unanimous: according to Charles de Lespinay, from a judicial point of view, "justice (...) must absolutely be brought closer, geographically and morally, to the litigant, so that the latter knows both that it is easy to act and prompt to investigate, arbitrate and punish" (De Lespinay & Mworoha, 2000: p. 187).…”