Qualitative analysis and differentiation of ginkgo cultivars based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS with the characteristic ion and neutral loss strategy combined with chemometric methods

Zhang, Jing; Wang, Dunfang; Yang, Wei; Yu, Yuetong; Hao, Chenyang; Zhao, Anyi; Cheng, Jing; Yan, Lei; Tan, Ting; Chen, Sha; Liu, An

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114595

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…GBDP is a unique G. biloba leaf extract produced in China with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in various conditions ( Sun et al, 2018 ). Quantitative analysis showed that EGb761, a standardized G. biloba leaf extract, had higher levels of organic acids than GBDP, while GBDP had higher levels of flavonoids ( Zhang et al, 2022 ). One trial investigated the use of GBDP with CM, tested in 106 patients with AIS (Ren et al, 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists of natural origin for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review of current evidence

Zhang

Jiang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Recent trials of platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists (PAFRA) appeared to indicate that they could play a neuroprotective role in the treatment of AIS; therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of PAFRA in patients with AIS.Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in seven electronic databases from inception to 11 March 2022. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which patients were treated with PAFRA strategies within 7 days of stroke onset were included. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was selected as the primary outcome of this systematic review. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed based on the Cochrane Collaborations tool. The review protocol was previously registered (PROSPERO CRD42020182075).Results: Fifteen RCTs comprising a total of 3,907 participants were included in this study. The PAFRA-related compounds included natural preparations of terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins, namely, ginkgo endoterpene diester meglumine (GEDM, seven RCTs), ginkgo biloba dropping pill (GBDP, one RCT), ginkgolide injection (GDI, four RCTs), hesperidin (HES, one RCT), ginsenoside Rd injection (GSRI, one RCT), and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA, one RCT). All studies were conducted in China between 2017 and 2021, employing a two-arm parallel design with sample sizes ranging from 40 to 1,113. Eight studies (53.3%) provided no information on their method of randomization, and only two studies (13.3%) utilized the double-blind design. Treatment was associated with improved clinical outcomes for (1) GEDM, GDI, and GBDP in patients treated with conventional treatment (CM) [GEDM + CM for AIS on mRS: MDmRS = −0.42, 95% CI (−0.47, −0.37), five trials, p < 0.00001; GEDM + CM for AIS on NIHSS: MDNIHSS = −1.02, 95% CI (−1.51, −0.52), four trials, p < 0.0001]; (2) GEDM and GDI in patients treated with neuroprotective agent (NPA) [GEDM + NPA + CM for AIS on mRS: MDmRS = −0.40, 95% CI (−0.54, −0.26), p < 0.00001; GEDM + NPA + CM for AIS on NIHSS: MDNIHSS = −3.93, 95%CI (−7.72, −0.14), p = 0.04]; (3) GBDP in patients treated with CM; (4) GDI and GSRI in patients treated with IV rt-PA therapy (IVT); and (5) HSYA in patients compared with Dengzhan Xixin injection (DZXXI). No access to improved clinical outcome was associated with HES in patients treated with IVT. Seven RCTs reported adverse events (AEs) but found that taking PAFRA-related preparations was not associated with an increased incidence of AEs.Conclusions: This systematic review not only makes an important contribution to the existing body of current evidence but also lays a well-conducted basis for providing opinions and recommendation on the evaluation of PAFRA-based medicine, which could also highlight the need for well-designed clinical trials of PAFRA for AIS to increase the quality of available evidence. Further research is required, using standardized functional outcome measures for AIS, adequate blinding and suitable comparator groups reflecting current best practice.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists of natural origin for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review of current evidence

Zhang

Jiang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…The ginkgolic acids profiles showed that 11 kinds of ginkgolic acids (namely, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C15:1-8Z, C15:1-10Z, C17:0, C17:1-8Z, C17:1-10Z, C17:1-12Z, C17:2-8Z-11Z and C17:3) have been identified in ginkgo up to now [ 2 , 32 ]. Except for the five identified ginkgolic acids from the authentic substrates, five new peaks presenting similar ultraviolet absorption spectra (~250 nm and ~310 nm) with the characterized ginkgolic acids in the ginkgo wine being discovered and numbered 1 to 5 ( Figure 6 a and Figure S3a–g ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perry with an m / z value of 369.2, in which three double bonds were formed at the C-8′, 11′ and 14′ positions through confirmation using 2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). The supposed structures of the five newly identified ginkgolic acids are shown in Figure S4 [ 2 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, homemade ginkgo wine in China should be strictly prohibited due to its unsafety. Up to now, as many as eleven different ginkgolic acids have been identified [ 2 , 32 ]. In our study, another five kinds of ginkgolic acids with specific RMMs were detected, with one of them being identified as C17:3 according to related studies [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to now, as many as eleven different ginkgolic acids have been identified [ 2 , 32 ]. In our study, another five kinds of ginkgolic acids with specific RMMs were detected, with one of them being identified as C17:3 according to related studies [ 32 , 33 ]. The other four were identified as ginkgolic acids with alkyl side chains at C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C13:1 based on the RMMs, the characteristics of their molecular structure and the naming rules of the known ones ( Table 4 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medicinal Values and Potential Risks Evaluation of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract (GBE) Drinks Made from the Leaves in Autumn as Dietary Supplements

Shi

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Ginkgo tea and ginkgo wine are two familiar Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) drinks in the form of dietary supplements (DS) used for healthcare in east Asia. Nevertheless, a comprehensive evaluation of their safety and efficacy is still lacking. In this study, GBE drinks were prepared from naturally newly senescent yellow leaves (YL) and green leaves (GL) in autumn. Their total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and prescribed ingredients were investigated. In brief, the proportions of total flavonoids, total flavonol glycosides (TFs), total terpene trilactones (TTLs) and ginkgolic acids in the GBE drinks all did not meet the standards of worldwide pharmacopoeias. Specifically, the levels of TFs in the ginkgo tea prepared from YL were significantly higher than that prepared from GL. Further analyses revealed a substandard ratio of isorhamnetin/quercetin and an accumulation of leaf-age-related compounds, which were both unqualified. The proportions of specific TTLs varied between the ginkgo tea and ginkgo wine, although no significant differences were detected in terms of the total levels of TTLs. Noticeably, numerous biflavones and thousands of times over the limiting concentration of ginkgolic acids, including newly identified types, were only detected in ginkgo wine. Finally, the use of the GBE drinks as DSs was comprehensively evaluated according to the acceptable daily intake. This study showed the limited healthcare effects of GBE drinks despite their powerful antioxidant capacity.

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Identification and quantification of the antioxidants in Ginkgo biloba leaf

Hu,

Wang,

Deng

et al. 2024

Biomedical Chromatography

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The antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf (GBL) extract is closely related to its efficacy against various diseases; however, the antioxidant activities of the specific constituents of GBL remain unclear. In this study, 194 GBL constituents were identified using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, including 97 flavonoids, 37 terpenoids, 29 lignans, 19 carboxylic acids, 5 alkylphenolic acids, 5 alkylphenols, and 2 other compounds. The cleavage rules of the main constituents of GBL were dissected in detail. The 36 GBL constituents with high antioxidant activity were subsequently discovered using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, including 30 flavonoids and six carboxylic acids. Finally, an HPLC analysis method was established to determine the content of the nine major antioxidants in the three batches of GBL. Among them, kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐D‐(6″‐p‐coumaroyl) glucopyranosyl‐(1‐2)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside, and rutin exhibited high antioxidant activity and were found in significant amounts in GBL, with concentrations greater than 0.7 mg/g. These results provide an important reference for the development of pharmaceuticals and health products containing GBL.

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Qualitative analysis and differentiation of ginkgo cultivars based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS with the characteristic ion and neutral loss strategy combined with chemometric methods

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists of natural origin for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review of current evidence

Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists of natural origin for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review of current evidence

Medicinal Values and Potential Risks Evaluation of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract (GBE) Drinks Made from the Leaves in Autumn as Dietary Supplements

Identification and quantification of the antioxidants in Ginkgo biloba leaf

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