Qualitative analysis of neck kinematics during low-speed rear-end impact

Luan, Feng; Yang, King H.; Deng, Bing; Begeman, Paul C.; Tashman, Scott; King, Albert I.

doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(00)00031-0

Cited by 99 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The cervical facet joint has been identified as a source of neck pain (Aprill and 2 Bogduk, 1992;Barnsley et al 1994) and a likely candidate for painful whiplash injury, in 3 both clinical and biomechanical studies (Bogduk and Marsland, 1988;Kaneoka et al 4 1999;Luan et al 2000;Ono et al 1997;Panjabi et al 1998a,b;Pearson et al 2004;5 Siegmund et al 2001;Winkelstein et al 1999Winkelstein et al , 2000Yoganandan and Pintar, 1997;6 Yoganandan et al 1998a6 Yoganandan et al , 2002. Studies of cadaveric head-neck preparations using high-7 speed imaging have demonstrated that the facet joint and its capsular ligament can 8 experience excessive motions and ligament strains during whiplash simulations (Panjabi 9 et al 1998a,b;Pearson et al 2004;Sundararajan et al 2004;Yoganandan et al 2001Yoganandan et al , 10 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tensile cervical facet capsule ligament mechanics: Failure and subfailure responses in the rat

Lee

Franklin

Davis

et al. 2006

Journal of Biomechanics

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Clinical, epidemiological, and biomechanical studies suggest the involvement of the cervical facet joint in neck pain. Mechanical studies have suggested the facet capsular ligament to be at risk for subfailure tensile injury during whiplash kinematics of the neck. Ligament mechanical properties can be altered by subfailure injury and such loading can induce cellular damage. However, at present, there is no clear understanding of the physiologic context of subfailure facet capsular ligament injury and mechanical implications for whiplashrelated pain. Therefore, this study aimed to define a relationship between mechanical properties at failure and a subfailure condition associated with pain for tension in the rat cervical facet capsular ligament. Tensile failure studies of the C6/C7 rat cervical facet capsular ligament were performed using a customized vertebral distraction device. Force and displacement at failure were measured and stiffness and energy to failure were calculated. Vertebral motions and ligament deformations were tracked and maximum principal strains and their directions were calculated. Mean tensile force at failure (2.96±0.69 N) was significantly greater (p<0.005) than force at subfailure (1.17±0.48 N). Mean ligament stiffness to failure was 0.75±0.27 N/mm. Maximum principal strain at failure (41.3±20.0%) was significantly higher (p=0.003) than the corresponding subfailure value (23.1±9.3%). This study determined that failure and a subfailure painful condition were significantly different in ligament mechanics and findings provide preliminary insight into the relationship between mechanics and pain physiology for this ligament. Together with existing studies, these findings offer additional considerations for defining mechanical thresholds for painful injuries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tensile cervical facet capsule ligament mechanics: Failure and subfailure responses in the rat

Lee

Franklin

Davis

et al. 2006

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…While several different anatomical structures in the neck have been implicated in whiplash-related pain, clinical, epidemiological and biomechanical studies collectively point to the cervical facet joint as a likely candidate for pain generation due to its mechanical loading during these injuries (Bogduk and Marsland, 1988;Aprill and Bogduk, 1992;Barnsley et al, 1993Barnsley et al, , 1994Lord et al, 1996;Grauer et al, 1997;Ono et al, 1997;Yoganandan and Pintar, 1997;Panjabi et al, 1998aPanjabi et al, , 1998bYoganandan et al, 1998;Luan et al, 2000;Winkelstein et al, 2000;Siegmund et al, 2001). In clinical studies of patients reporting painful neck injury, the facet joint has been identified in 25-62% of cases as the site of pain (Aprill and Bogduk, 1992;Barnsley et al, 1994), with the C5-C7 spinal levels being the most commonly reported site of injury in whiplash (Barnsley et al, 1995;Bogduk and Marsland, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"Abnormal" motions in the cervical spine have been hypothesized as mechanisms of whiplash injury (Grauer et al, 1997;Ono et al, 1997;Kaneoka et al, 1999;Luan et al, 2000;Yoganandan et al, 2002). These kinematic patterns include excessive extension of the lower cervical spine, facet joint impingement, synovial fold pinching, and facet capsule stretching (Grauer et al, 1997;Ono et al, 1997;Yoganandan and Pintar, 1997;Panjabi et al, 1998aPanjabi et al, , 1998bYoganandan et al, 1998;Luan et al, 2000;Winkelstein et al, 2000;Siegmund et al, 2001). Also, in isolated cadaveric mechanical studies of the facet capsule in flexion, extension, and combined bending and shear, the capsule has been shown to be at risk for subcatastrophic injury for vertebral motions occurring during low-velocity impacts, further implicating the capsule in whiplash-initiated pain (Winkelstein et al, 2000;Siegmund et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel rodent neck pain model of facet-mediated behavioral hypersensitivity: implications for persistent pain and whiplash injury

Lee

Thinnes

Gokhin

et al. 2004

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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. (2004). A novel rodent neck pain model of facet-mediated behavioral hypersensitivity: implications for persistent pain and whiplash injury. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/be_papers/43 A novel rodent neck pain model of facet-mediated behavioral hypersensitivity: implications for persistent pain and whiplash injury Abstract Clinical, epidemiological, and biomechanical studies suggest involvement of cervical facet joint injuries in neck pain. While bony motions can cause injurious tensile facet joint loading, it remains speculative whether such injuries initiate pain. There is currently a paucity of data explicitly investigating the relationship between facet mechanics and pain physiology. A rodent model of tensile facet joint injury has been developed using a customized loading device to apply 2 separate tensile deformations (low, high; n=5 each) across the C6/C7 joint, or sham (n=6) with device attachment only. Microforceps were rigidly coupled to the vertebrae for distraction and joint motions tracked in vivo. Forepaw mechanical allodynia was measured postoperatively for 7 days as an indicator of behavioral sensitivity. Joint strains for high (33.6±3.1%) were significantly elevated (p<0.005) over low (11.1±2.3%). Digitization errors (0.17±0.20%) in locating bony markers were small compared to measured strains. Allodynia was significantly elevated for high over low and sham for all postoperative days. However, allodynia for low injury was not different than sham. A greater than three-fold increase in total allodynia resulted for high compared to low, corresponding to the three-fold difference in injury strain. Findings demonstrate tensile facet joint loading produces behavioral sensitivity that varies in magnitude according to injury severity. These results suggest that a facet joint tensile strain threshold may exist above which pain symptoms result. Continued investigation into the relationship between injury mechanics and nociceptive physiology will strengthen insight into painful facet injury mechanisms. for high compared to low, corresponding to the three-fold difference in injury strain.Findings demonstrate tensile facet joint loading produces behavioral sensitivity that varies in magnitude according to injury severity. These results suggest that a facet joint tensile strain threshold may exist above which pain symptoms result. Continued investigation into the relationship between injury mechanics and nociceptive physiology will strengthen insight into painful facet injury mechanisms.

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“…6,22,23,40,58,114 During a motor vehicle collision, this abnormal deformation is induced approximately 60 to 100 milliseconds after vehicle impact due to the torso moving forward and upward prior to the movement of the head. It is only approximately 85 to 140 milliseconds after the initial vehicle impact that the head rotates backward, before both the head and torso rebound forward due to the support of the seat and headrest, and decelerate following the impact.…”

Section: Kinematics and Facet Tissue Injury During Whiplashmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiological Basis of Cervical Facet-Mediated Persistent Pain: Basic Science and Clinical Challenges

Ita¹,

Zhang²,

Holsgrove³

et al. 2017

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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FIGURE 1. Schematic illustrating the anatomy in the periphery of the facet joint and the relevant neuronal connections to the central nervous system. Afferents that innervate the facet joint and its capsular ligament have cell bodies in the DRG and synapse with neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Nociceptive information is encoded by many types of afferents, including IB4-positive nonpeptidergic neurons and peptidergic fibers that produce neuropeptides, such as CGRP and substance P. Noxious stimuli are translated into electrical (eg, action potentials) and biochemical (eg, neurotransmitter) signals. In persistent pain, central sensitization occurs, with neuronal hyperexcitability and altered neurotransmitter production and release in the spinal dorsal horn. Abbreviations: CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; IB4, isolectin B4.

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Qualitative analysis of neck kinematics during low-speed rear-end impact

Cited by 99 publications

References 14 publications

Tensile cervical facet capsule ligament mechanics: Failure and subfailure responses in the rat

Tensile cervical facet capsule ligament mechanics: Failure and subfailure responses in the rat

A novel rodent neck pain model of facet-mediated behavioral hypersensitivity: implications for persistent pain and whiplash injury

The Physiological Basis of Cervical Facet-Mediated Persistent Pain: Basic Science and Clinical Challenges

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