Qualitative and quantitative analysis of seized street drug samples and identification of source

Sharma, S.P.; Purkait, Bulbul; Lahiri, S. C.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.114

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Very toxic adulterants are not usually detected in this type of samples because when present, they are found in very low concentrations (Chiarotti et al. 1991; Sharma et al. 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Street heroin maintained the same composition throughout the experiments. Qualitative thin-layer chromatography was used to detect the presence of caffeine and sugars (Moffat 1986;Chiarotti et al 1991;Sharma et al 2005).…”

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heroin content of seized samples may also contain various inert diluents (starch, lactose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol and powdered milk) and active adulterants (caffeine, paracetamol, strychnine, acetylsalicylic acid, barbiturates, quinine and amphetamines) (Chiarotti et al. 1991; Sharma et al. 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the purification procedure, street heroin may contain some impurities (Moore et al 1984), namely morphine and 6-MAM (heroin metabolites), codeine and acetylcodeine (Soine 1986; for review). The heroin content of seized samples may also contain various inert diluents (starch, lactose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol and powdered milk) and active adulterants (caffeine, paracetamol, strychnine, acetylsalicylic acid, barbiturates, quinine and amphetamines) (Chiarotti et al 1991;Sharma et al 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Street heroin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rat cortical neurons

Cunha‐Oliveira

Rego²,

Garrido

et al. 2006

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Cortical function has been suggested to be highly compromised by repeated heroin self-administration. We have previously shown that street heroin induces apoptosis in neuronal-like PC12 cells. Thus, we analysed the apoptotic pathways involved in street heroin neurotoxicity using primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Our street heroin sample was shown to be mainly composed by heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine. Exposure of cortical neurons to street heroin induced a slight decrease in metabolic viability, without loss of neuronal integrity. Early activation of caspases involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was observed, culminating in caspase 3 activation, Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Apoptotic morphology was completely prevented by the non-selective caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, indicating an important role for caspases in neurodegeneration induced by street heroin. Ionotropic glutamate receptors, opioid receptors and oxidative stress were not involved in caspase 3 activation. Interestingly, street heroin cytotoxicity was shown to be independent of a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain, as determined using NT-2 rho 0 cells. Nonetheless, in street heroin-treated cortical neurons, cytochrome c was released, accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial potential and Bcl-2/Bax. Pure heroin hydrochloride similarly decreased metabolic viability but only slightly activated caspase 3. Altogether, our data suggest an important role for mitochondria in mediating street heroin neurotoxic effects.

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“…Very toxic adulterants are not usually detected in this type of samples because when present, they are found in very low concentrations (Chiarotti et al. 1991; Sharma et al. 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Street heroin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rat cortical neurons

Cunha‐Oliveira

Rego²,

Garrido

et al. 2006

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…A number of chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the analysis of heroin‐related alkaloids and their metabolites in various matrices have been reported 2. Gas chromatography (GC)3–5 and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)6–8 have been used for the determination of some components of interest in street heroin samples and biological fluids. However, GC‐based methods are problematic for analytes such as morphine, 6‐MAM and narcotine which are either thermally degradable or nonvolatile and thus exhibit poor chromatographic performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragmentation pathways of heroin‐related alkaloids revealed by ion trap and quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry

Zhang

Yan

Liu

et al. 2008

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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The electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqToF) mass spectra of heroin and seven related alkaloids, i.e., morphine, codeine, O-6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), thebaine, acetylcodeine, papaverine and narcotine, have been extensively investigated in this work. The ESI mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of protonated 6-MAM, heroin, acetylcodeine, and thebaine were comprehensively elucidated for the first time with the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was found that cleavage of the piperidine ring was the featured fragmentation route of six of the compounds, although not of papaverine and narcotine. In addition, a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based separation method gave baseline resolution of all eight components. This study could play an important role in the screening for these alkaloids in different matrices by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).

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References Part III

Meier‐Augenstein¹

2010

Stable Isotope Forensics

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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of seized street drug samples and identification of source

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Street heroin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rat cortical neurons

Street heroin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rat cortical neurons

Fragmentation pathways of heroin‐related alkaloids revealed by ion trap and quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry

References Part III

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