Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Rotavirus-Specific CD8 T Cells Vary Depending on the Route of Infection

Abstract

CD8 T-cell response provides an important defense against rotavirus, which infects a variety of systemic locations in addition to the gut. Here we investigated the distribution, phenotype, and function of rotavirusspecific CD8 T cells in multiple organs after rotavirus infection initiated via the intranasal, oral, or intramuscular route. The highest level of virus-specific CD8 T cells was observed in the Peyer's patches of orally infected mice and in the lungs of intranasally infected animals. Very low levels of virus-specific CD8 T cells were detected in peripheral blood or spleen irrespective of the route of infection. Rotavirus-specific CD8 T cells from Peyer's patches of orally infected mice expressed high levels of CCR9, while CXCR6 and LFA-1 expression was associated with virus-specific CD8 T cells in lungs of intranasally infected mice. Oral infection induced the highest proportion of gamma interferon ؊ CD107a/b ؉ CD8 T cells in Peyer's patches. When equal numbers of rotavirus-specific CD8 T cells were transferred into Rag-1 knockout mice chronically infected with rotavirus, the donor cells derived from Peyer's patches of orally infected mice were more efficient than those derived from lungs of intranasally infected animals in clearing intestinal infection. These results suggest that different routes of infection induce virus-specific CD8 T cells with distinct homing phenotypes and effector functions as well as variable abilities to clear infection.

Prevention and cure of rotavirus infection via TLR5/NLRC4–mediated production of IL-22 and IL-18

“…Confirming this notion, the protective effect of flagellin was fully maintained in mice lacking recombination activating gene 1 ( Rag1 −/− ), making them deficient in mature B and T lymphocytes and susceptible to chronic RV infection (Fig. 1B) (9). …”

“…Although Rag1 −/− mice of all ages develop chronic RV infection, high viral loads are attained by infecting 3-week-old Rag1 −/− mice (9). Flagellin treatment eliminated detectable RV shedding by 2 days after treatment.…”

A Protective Vaccine against Chlamydia Genital Infection Using Vault Nanoparticles without an Added Adjuvant

“…Tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks, sectioned (5 µm), and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Four oviduct sections per mouse, obtained near the ovary, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), masked for identity, and scored for acute inflammatory cells (neutrophils); 0 = normal; 1 = rare foci; 2 = scattered (1 to 4) aggregates; 3 = numerous aggregates (>4); and 4 = severe diffuse infiltration [18,19]. A second set of four oviducts per mouse were stained with hematoxylin and eosin followed by Gormori trichrome [20].…”

Oral Exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi Elicits a Systemic CD8+T Cell Response and Protection against Heterotopic Challenge

“…Immune responses to infection or immunization may evolve differently relative to whether antigen exposure is initially or exclusively at mucosal or nonmucosal sites. For example, the distribution of rotavirus and the responding cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) varies according to route of infection (29,47), and CD8…”