Qualitative and quantitative molecular detection of enteroviruses in water from bathing areas and from a sewage treatment plant

Schvoerer, Évelyne; Ventura, Michel; Dubos, Olivier; Cazaux, Gilbert; Serceau, R.; Gournier, Nathalie; Dubois, Véronique; Caminade, Pierre; Fleury, Hervé; Lafon, Marie‐Edith

doi:10.1016/s0923-2508(01)01190-1

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Primary and secondary sewage treatment processes do not efficiently reduce the virus concentration, in contrast with tertiary processes (13,24,46,52). Therefore, depending on the applied processes, treated sewage discharged onto surface waters may significantly enhance the virus concentrations in the environment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drinking water may be produced from groundwater or surface waters. Surface waters are more heavily contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, although viruses have also been detected in groundwater (8,14,16,46). The efficiency of advanced drinking water treatment processes may differ significantly with regard to removal or inactivation of microorganisms from source waters.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands

Lodder

Husman

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

341

201

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Since virus concentrations in drinking waters are generally below the detection limit, the infectious risk from drinking water consumption requires assessment from the virus concentrations in source waters and removal efficiency of treatment processes. In this study, we estimated from reverse transcription-PCR on 10-fold serially diluted RNA that noroviruses, the most prevalent waterborne gastroenteritis agents, were present at 4 (0.2 to 38) to 4,900 (303 to 4.6 ؋ 10 4 ) PCR-detectable units (PDU) per liter of river water (ranges are given in parentheses). These virus concentrations are still high compared with 896 to 7,499 PDU/liter of treated sewage and 5,111 to 850,000 PDU/liter in raw sewage. Sequencing analyses designated human norovirus GGII.4 Lordsdale as the most prevalent strain in the sampling period 1998 to 1999 in both sewage and surface waters. Other GGII strains were also very abundant, indicating that the majority of the virus contamination was derived from urban sewage, although very divergent strains and one animal strain were also detected in the surface and sewage waters. Rotaviruses were also detected in two large rivers (the Maas and the Waal) at 57 to 5,386 PDU/liter. The high virus concentrations determined by PCR may in part be explained by the detection of virus RNA instead of infectious particles. Indeed, reoviruses and enteroviruses that can be cultured were present at much lower levels, of 0.3 to 1 and 2 to 10 PFU/liter, respectively. Assuming 1% of the noroviruses and rotaviruses to be infectious, a much higher disease burden than for other viruses can be expected, not only because of the higher levels but also because of these viruses' higher infectivity and attack rates.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands

Lodder

Husman

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

341

201

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“…It is believed that most viruses found in natural waters are cyanophages and other types infecting microalgae (19) and that the concentration of such viral particles exceeds that of bacteria by 5-to 10-fold (14,42), reaching concentrations as high as 10 6 particles per ml in some locations (9). Many reports describe water contaminated with human enteroviruses, especially in sites close to urban areas and related to outbreaks of human infections (1,2,5,8,30,34). However, no reports could be found related to contamination of surface waters by animal feces containing enteroviruses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bovine Enteroviruses as Indicators of Fecal Contamination

Ley

Higgins

Fayer

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

110

111

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Surface waters frequently have been contaminated with human enteric viruses, and it is likely that animal enteric viruses have contaminated surface waters also. Bovine enteroviruses (BEV), found in cattle worldwide, usually cause asymptomatic infections and are excreted in the feces of infected animals in large numbers. In this study, the prevalence and genotype of BEV in a closed herd of cattle were evaluated and compared with BEV found in animals in the immediate environment and in environmental specimens. BEV was found in feces from 76% of cattle, 38% of white-tailed deer, and one of three Canada geese sharing the same pastures, as well as the water obtained from animal watering tanks, from the pasture, from streams running from the pasture to an adjacent river, and from the river, which emptied into the Chesapeake Bay. Furthermore, BEV was found in oysters collected from that river downstream from the farm. These findings suggest that BEV could be used as an indicator of fecal pollution originating from animals (cattle and/or deer). Partial sequence analysis of the viral genomes indicates that different viral variants coexist in the same area. The possibility of identifying the viral strains found in the animals and in the contaminated areas by sequencing the RNA genome, could provide a tool to find the origin of the contamination and should be useful for epidemiological and viral molecular evolution studies.

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“…Moreover, live virions have been detect-HeAltH rIsks from wAter AnD new cHAllenges for tHe future ed in treated waters through infectivity assays, pointing to potential public health risks [5,40]. The occurrence of enteroviruses in coastal waters in both bathing and non-bathing sites is documented worldwide [45][46][47][48][49][50]. Enteroviruses have also been found in rivers [49,[51][52][53][54][55], lakes [56,57], groundwater [29, [58][59][60][61] and in both untreated and finished drinking water supplies [30,38,55,62,63].…”

Section: Enterovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

Rosa

Fratini

Libera

et al. 2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

112

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Abstract. Among microorganisms, viruses are best fit to become emerging pathogens since they are able to adapt not only by mutation but also through recombination and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. The main health effect associated with enteric viruses is gastrointestinal illness, but they can also cause respiratory symptoms, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, central nervous system infections, and chronic diseases. Non-enteric viruses, such as respiratory and epitheliotrophic viruses are not considered waterborne, as they are not readily transmitted to water sources from infected individuals. The present review will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments.Key words: viruses, waterborne, emerging, drinking water, recreational water. Riassunto (Infezioni emergenti e potenzialmente emergenti in ambienti acquatici).I virus sono tra i principali agenti di infezioni emergenti, in quanto sono in grado di acquisire nuove caratteristiche biologiche attraverso fenomeni di mutazione, ricombinazione e riassortimento genico, adattandosi così a nuovi ospiti e nuove nicchie ecologiche. I virus enterici sono tra le principali cause di malattie infettive di origine idrica, che possono manifestarsi come casi sporadici o cluster epidemici. Le manifestazioni cliniche più comuni sono le gastroenteriti; tuttavia i virus enterici sono in grado di causare anche sintomi respiratori, congiuntiviti, epatiti, infezioni del sistema nervoso centrale e malattie croniche. La presente rassegna fornisce una panoramica dei virus enterici tradizionalmente associati alle malattie idrotrasmesse; mostra inoltre dati epidemiologici su alcuni gruppi di virus che non sono stati associati a malattie idrodiffuse in passato (inclusi virus respiratori ed epiteliotropici), ma che possono rappresentare nuovi patogeni emergenti a causa della loro presenza e persistenza in ambienti acquatici.Parole chiave: virus, malattie idrotrasmesse, patogeni emergenti, acque potabili, acque ricreative.

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Qualitative and quantitative molecular detection of enteroviruses in water from bathing areas and from a sewage treatment plant

Cited by 40 publications

References 35 publications

Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands

Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands

Bovine Enteroviruses as Indicators of Fecal Contamination

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

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