Qualitative Chemical Characterization and Multidirectional Biological Investigation of Leaves and Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae)

Abstract

Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) has a long history of use by folk populations for the management of multiple human ailments. Based on the published literature, there has been no attempt to conduct a comparative assessment of the biological activity and the phytochemical profiles of the leaves and stem bark of A. leiocarpus extracted using methanol, ethyl acetate, and water. By high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ESI-MSn) analysis, quinic, shikimic, gallic, and protocatechuic acids were tentatively identified from all the extracts, while chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, and dodecanedioic acids were only characterised from the leaves extracts. Additionally, a pharmacological study was carried out to evaluate potential protective effects that are induced by the extracts in rat colon and colon cancer HCT116 cell line. In general, the methanol and water extracts of A. leiocarpus leaves and stem bark showed potent radical scavenging and reducing properties. It was noted that the stem bark extracts were more potent antioxidants as compared to the leaves extracts. The methanol extract of A. leiocarpus leaves showed the highest acetyl (4.68 mg galantamine equivalent/g) and butyryl (4.0 mg galantamine equivalent/g) cholinesterase inhibition. Among ethyl acetate extracts, the pharmacological investigation suggested stem bark ethyl acetate extracts to be the most promising. This extract revealed ability to protect rat colon from lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress, without exerting promoting effects on HCT116 cell line viability and migration. As a conclusion, A. leiocarpus represents a potential source of bioactive compounds in the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Potential Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of the Extracts and Their Active Components of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. with Special Emphasis on Polyphenols

“…Moreover, in agreement with Orlando et al [ 26 ], we found that the extraction yields considerably varied between different plant parts, such that Soxhlet extraction with methanol resulted in a low extraction yield for the roots (10.8%) compared to the stem bark (47.1%) and leaves (50.8%) ( Figure 6 ). Thus, the total antimycobacterial activity for the root Soxhlet methanol extract was calculated to be 43.2 mL/g (108 mg extracted from 1 g plant material divided by the MIC in mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL).…”

“…In our previous investigation, we tentatively characterized ten unknown ellagitannins in this stem bark ethyl acetate extract of A. leiocarpa based on HPLC-UV-DAD data (UV λ maxima and retention times) [ 18 ]. Moreover, previously reported ellagitannins in the stem bark and leaves of A. leiocarpa include a corilagin sanguiin H-4, punicalagin, castalagin (1-epi-vescalagin), casuarinin, chebulagic acid, and punicacortein ( Figure 7 ) [ 26 , 31 ]. These mentioned ellagitannins may play a significant role for the in vitro antimycobacterial effect of the stem bark ethyl acetate extract of A. leiocarpa that we present in this paper.…”

Phenolic Content and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Solidago virga-aurea, Phyllanthus niruri, Epilobium angustifolium, Peumus boldus, and Ononis spinosa Extracts

“…By contrast, the cell viability tended to decrease under the biocompatibility limit (80%) at the highest formula concentration (1600 µg/mL). It is rational to hypothesize that the reduced cell viability at the highest tested concentration could be related to the paradoxical phenolic compound-induced oxidative stress that often occurs at elevated concentrations [45,46]. Conversely, under the limit of biocompatibility, the single extracts and Fluxonorm ® were able to contrast the burden of oxidative stress and inflammation in isolated rat prostate specimens challenged with LPS, an ex vivo model of prostatitis [11,47].…”

Chemical Profiling and Biological Properties of Extracts from Different Parts of Colchicum Szovitsii Subsp. Szovitsii

“…In the Soxhlet technique, the plant materials (5 g) were extracted with 100 mL methanol by using Soxhlet apparatus for 6 h. Extracts were obtained by using a vacuum evaporator. Water extracts were lyophilized, and all extracts stored in a refrigerator [18,19].…”