“…Neural network models have been used in recent studies to detect water quality (Sarkar and Pandey, 2015), assessment of watersheds (Ahmed et al, 2019;Samantaray et al, 2019), biodiversity (Gagne et al, 2020;Jahani and Saffariha, 2020;Morshed et al, 2022), land-use changes (Islam et al, 2018;Saputra and Lee, 2019;Yatoo et al, 2020), and forecasting droughts (Ali et al, 2017;Dehghani et al, 2017;Dikshit et al, 2022).…”