Quality assessment of surface water and groundwater giving emphasis on water quality index and irrigational indicators in the southeastern part of Manipur Valley, north‐east India

Abstract

Water quality index (WQI) and irrigational indices for surface water and groundwater in the southeastern part of Manipur Valley in north‐east India has been examined. The water samples were collected during the pre‐monsoon season in the year 2016. Geologically, the Manipur Valley occurs as an intermontane piedmont‐alluvial plain filled with Quaternary alluvium of fluvio‐lacustrine origin. The basic chemical parameters of pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, Cl−, HCO3−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Mn, and Zn were considered for computing water quality index for drinking water. Irrigational indices such as sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazard, and residual sodium carbonate were calculated for determining the suitability for irrigational use. WQI, SAR, %Na+, KI, MH, RSC suggest that majority of the water samples are suitable for drinking and irrigational uses. They exhibit positive relations among them suggesting that these parameters are dependent over one another. About 20% of the piedmont zone groundwater are unsuitable for both drinking and agricultural purposes. The encrustation of gypsum, halite, and evaporite into the Disang shales enhances the dissolution process of ions such as Cl−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ in the piedmont water leading to quality deterioration. Gibb's plots suggest that the chemical origin of water dominates with rock‐weathering process, while hydrochemical facies evolved from the initial stage to intermediate stage. Therefore, proper integrated management and development of water resources is necessary for the effective utilization water resources particularly around the piedmont zone.

Introduction, Part 2—Geodynamic evolution of Eastern Himalaya and Indo‐Myanmar orogenic belts: Advances through interdisciplinary studies

“…Thokchom and Kshetrimayum (2021) elucidated the water quality status of surface water and groundwater using irrigational parameters and WQI for drinking and irrigation purposes in the south‐eastern part of Manipur Valley of North‐east India. The basic chemical parameters of pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, Cl − , HCO 3 − , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe, Mn, Zn, etc., it is suggested that about 20% of the piedmont zone groundwater are unsuitable for both drinking and agricultural purposes.…”

“…The Himalaya mountain belt is about 2500 km in length, from west to east, and is a classic example of an orogenic system created by the continent-continent collision between the Indian-Eurasian plates F I G U R E 2 Geological map of Eastern Himalaya, Indo-Myanmar orogenic belt, northern, Central Myanmar, and adjacent areas (modified after Mitchell et al, 2007;Searle et al, 2007;. Locations of study area presented in the issue include 1/S2: Kundu and Hazarika (2022); 2/S2: Y. R. ; 3/S2: Rawat and Luirei (2022) Chaubey et al (2022); 24/S2: ; Bora, Mukherjee, et al (2022); 25/S2: Khuman and Ibotombi (2022); 26/S2: Y. R. ; 27/S2: Thokchom and Kshetrimayum (2021); 28/S2: Barman et al (2022); 29/S2: V. Sharma and Biswas (2022) along the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ) $55 Ma ago (de Sigoyer et al, 2000;DeCelles et al, 2001;Yin, 2006). The southern parts of the Eurasian Plate mainly have the Trans-Himalaya, Ladakh batholith, Gangdese batholith, Lohit batholith, Karakoram Ranges, Ophiolites, Indus-Tsangpo Mélange zone, etc.…”

“…Geological map of Eastern Himalaya, Indo‐Myanmar orogenic belt, northern, Central Myanmar, and adjacent areas (modified after Mitchell et al, 2007; Searle et al, 2007; Y. R. Singh, Singh, Singh, et al, 2022). Locations of study area presented in the issue include 1/S2: Kundu and Hazarika (2022); 2/S2: Y. R. Singh, Singh, Singh, et al (2022); 3/S2: Rawat and Luirei (2022); 4/S2: Kayal et al (2022); 5/S2: Choudhury et al (2022); 6/S2: N. M. Sharma et al (2022); 7/S2: Goswami, Gogoi, et al (2022); 8/S2: Bikramaditya et al (2022); 9/S2: Goswami, Kalita, et al (2022); 10/S2: Joshi (2022); 11/S2: Jha and Sharma (2022); 12/S2: Shukla et al (2022); 13/S2: Khonglah et al (2022); 14/S2: Ali and Duarah (2022); 15/S2: Mohanty et al (2022); 16/S2: Chanu et al (2022); 17/S2: Majumdar, Gogoi, and Ghatak (2022); Majumdar, Gogoi, Ghatak, Saikia, et al (2022); 18/S2: Ding et al (2022); 19/S2: Ghose et al (2022); 20/S2: Hussain and Dey (2022); 21/S2: Ozukum et al (2022); 22/S2: Jamir et al (2022); 23/S2: Chaubey et al (2022); 24/S2: Bora, Borah, et al (2022); Bora, Mukherjee, et al (2022); 25/S2: Khuman and Ibotombi (2022); 26/S2: Y. R. Singh, Singh, Singh, et al (2022); 27/S2: Thokchom and Kshetrimayum (2021); 28/S2: Barman et al (2022); 29/S2: V. Sharma and Biswas (2022)…”

RGB-based colorimetric method for the analysis of water alkalinity using Cordyline fruticosa extracts as visual indicator

“…Water quality is generally referred to the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of water that define its drinking potability and suitability for various applications in fishing, agriculture, and industrial processes [3]. Assessment of the water quality is based on the presence and levels of physicochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, hardness, conductivity, anions and cations, biological components, and heavy metals [4], [5].…”