Quality improvement of bio-paraffin mixtures

Advanced production process of jet fuel components from technical grade coconut oil with special hydrocracking

“…The process flow diagram of the system was previously shown in a paper [25]. The effective volume of the down flow tubular reactors was 200 cm 3 .…”

Catalytic conversions in green aqueous media. Part 8: Partial and full hydrogenation of renewable methyl esters of vegetable oils

“…An elegant approach to circumventing the low oxidative stability and other disadvantages of FAMEs biodiesel is to use the route of hydrotreating of renewable vegetable oils to produce bio gas oils which are mixtures of mainly C 11 -C 18 linear and branched paraffins with a typical gas oil boiling range and belong to 2nd generation biodiesel with very good fuel properties [136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152]. The hydrotreating process of renewable triglycerides is usually carried out under similar conditions used in a conventional petroleum refinery for hydrotreating oil fractions such as heavy gas oil which reacts with added hydrogen over heterogeneous catalysts of mixed metal sulfides such as CoS/MoS 2 or NiS/MoS 2 on ␥-Al 2 O 3 and forcing conditions, i.e.…”

“…The hydrotreating process of renewable triglycerides is usually carried out under similar conditions used in a conventional petroleum refinery for hydrotreating oil fractions such as heavy gas oil which reacts with added hydrogen over heterogeneous catalysts of mixed metal sulfides such as CoS/MoS 2 or NiS/MoS 2 on ␥-Al 2 O 3 and forcing conditions, i.e. temperatures of 300-450 • C and hydrogen partial pressures of 35-170 bar [136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152]. The mixture of paraffins obtained from hydrotreating processes of renewable vegetable oils have very high cetane numbers (CN = 80-99) [137,141,142] which are ideal fuel blending components practically free of sulfur, aromatics, oxygen and C C units with clean combustion and very low green house gas (GHG) emissions and relative easy biodegradability for satisfying human health and environmental regulations and specifications for diesel transportation fuels as well, which contributes to an enormous increase in economic profit by blending them with lower fuel quality components.…”

“…The group of Hancsók [141] studied the production of high quality 2nd generation biodiesel fuel consisting of linear and branched paraffins by a more sophisticated and more economical approach of the one-step process mode of hydrotreating and hydroisomerization of renewable sunflower oil in the presence of NiMo/Al 2 O 3 /F catalytic systems where the branched paraffins content was much higher compared with the content when using non-fluorinated catalytic systems and therefore with NiMo/Al 2 O 3 /F catalysts the cold flow properties of the paraffins mixture are considerably improved making them excellent blending components for diesel gas oils. The group of Hancsók further investigated the conversion of natural triglyceride feedstocks in the two-step mode of hydrotreating coupled with hydroisomerization/dewaxing in the presence of NiMo/Al 2 O 3 , Pt/SAPO-11 and Pt/AlSBA-15 catalytic systems [149], the production of bio gas oils by hydrotreating of natural triglycerides catalyzed by the three different systems CoMo/Al 2 O 3 , NiMo/Al 2 O 3 and NiW/Al 2 O 3 [144] and of renewable sunflower oil catalyzed by CoMo/Al 2 O 3 [146], the isomerization of pre-hydrotreated sunflower oil catalyzed by Pt/H-ZSM-22/Al 2 O 3 [150], the isomerization of bio-paraffins by Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts [151] and also studied the co-hydrotreating of renewable vegetable oils with gas oils catalyzed by NiMo/Al 2 O 3 systems [152]. The mode of the two-step processes of catalytic hydrotreating coupled with hydroisomerization/dewaxing is used by Neste Oil Corporation to convert vegetable oils and/or animal fats and by Universal Oil Products (UOP) Corporation together with Eni S.p.A. to proceed vegetable oils and/or grease for the industrial scale production of high quality 2nd generation biodiesel fuel [136,137,139,141,145].…”

Multiobjective optimization for efficient energy utilization in batch biodiesel production

“…The current situation of biodiesel production is summarized in Ng et al (2009). The most prevalent route to produce biodiesel as the mixture of fattyacid methyl esters (FAME) is transesterification, although some other routes also exist like catalytic hydrogenation (Kasza et al 2014) and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (Demirbas 2007). Most of these industrial technologies are operated continuously, because of greater capacity and better possibilities for energy integration.…”