“…Furthermore, earlier research by de Araujo et al (2017), Martens and Vanchoucke (2018), and Lee & Won (2021) [13][14][15] found additional variables contributing to construction project delays, such as inadequate planning, poor consultant performance, ineffective management, owner-related problems, bureaucracy, and subpar contracts. According to several studies by Korhonen (2020), Liu et al (2022), and Chou et al (2023) [16][17][18], the owner's actions have three main implications for the duration of a construction project: delaying payments to subcontractors, interfering with the contractor's cash flow, and having trouble obtaining the necessary materials. In the meantime, a complicated payment system, missing paperwork, and subpar labor are the main reasons why owners fail to pay their contractors.…”