“…However, little is known about how social service agencies have responded to the increased pressures to demonstrate that consumers benefit from the services delivered (McMillen et al, 2005). Academics have called for increased program-evaluation research (e.g., Smith, 1990), outcomes-management systems (e.g., Neuman, 2003), and an increased reliance on practice guidelines based on evidence (e.g., Howard & Jenson, 1999), but we do not know to what degree social service agencies have implemented this advice.…”