Quality of Chlorine-Based Antiseptics and Disinfectants Circulating in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Mung’ong’o, S; Mugoyela, Veronica

doi:10.4314/tmj.v22i1.39213

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Therefore, there is a need to know the microbial content of all drugs and medicines, whether they are sterile or nonsterile 13. Previous studies have demonstrated microbiologic quality concerns with regard to both commercially available and extemporaneously prepared pharmaceuticals, storage, and sale of expired liquid disinfectants 5,14,15. This has compelled us to embark on this study in order to assess the magnitude of such microbial contaminants in nonsterile pharmaceuticals given to outpatients at Amana Municipal Hospital in Dar es Salaam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial contamination of nonsterile pharmaceuticals in public hospital settings

Mugoyela

Mwambete²

2010

TCRM

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PurposeContamination of pharmaceuticals with microorganisms irrespective whether they are harmful or nonpathogenic can bring about changes in physicochemical characteristics of the medicines. Although sterility is not a requirement in official compendia for nonsterile pharmaceuticals, bioburdens need to be within acceptable limits. Therefore, this study investigated microbial contamination of 10 nonsterile pharmaceuticals frequently delivered to outpatients by identifying and quantifying microbial contaminants and susceptibility pattern testing on the microbes isolated.MethodsThe study was carried out at Amana Municipal Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The protocol for the study involved structured selection of representative tablets, syrups, and capsules from the hospital’s outpatient pharmacy. Constitutive microorganisms were elaborated and enumerated using standard microbiologic procedures.ResultsResults showed that 50% of all tested products were heavily contaminated, and the predominant contaminants comprised Klebsiella, Bacillus, and Candida species. Furthermore, the results showed that the isolated Bacillus and Klebsiella species were resistant to Augmentin ® and cloxacillin. The differences in means for cfu/mL and zones of inhibition among the microorganisms isolated were considered significant at P < 0.05.ConclusionThe nonsterile pharmaceuticals were presumably microbiologically contaminated due to poor handling during dispensing, repackaging, and/or nonadherence to good manufacturing practice. Therefore, training and educating the dispensers, as well as patients, on the proper handling and use of medicines cannot be overemphasized, because these are key aspects in controlling cross-contamination of medicines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial contamination of nonsterile pharmaceuticals in public hospital settings

Mugoyela

Mwambete²

2010

TCRM

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“…Seventeen novel tryptophan-acetylenic and/or dithiocarbamate compounds previously designed and synthesized as potential enzyme-activated inhibitors of putative pyridoxal and FADdependent enzymes in trypanosomes [21], were used in the study ( Figure 1). …”

Section: Test Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the continuing search for drugs, the authors have designed and synthesized novel tryptophan analogs (Figure 1) which have a potential to inhibit essential trypanosomal enzymes. Some of these compounds have shown significant in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei [21]. In consideration of the biochemical similarity between African and South American trypanosomes (T. cruzi) on one hand and Leishmania species on the other, the present study was designed to test the novel tryptophan analogs against T. cruzi and L. donovani using in vitro models [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of Novel Tryptophan Analogs against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani

Mung’ong’o¹,

Mugoyela²,

Hooper³

et al. 2009

East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Drugs available for the treatment of Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis are grossly inadequate and have many drawbacks. Most of them are ineffective for the chronic form of the disease. The drugs available are expensive and most need parenteral administration. In addition, most of them are extremely toxic and resistance develops fast. There is an urgent need for new, safe and more effective drugs. As part of the continued search for novel antitrypanosomal drugs, the present study was aimed at the design and synthesis of novel tryptophan analogs which have a potential to inhibit essential trypanosomal enzymes. Some of these compounds have shown significant activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. In the present study, 17 of the most promising compounds were selected and tested for possible activity against the biochemically closely related protozoans Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani using in vitro models. Seven compounds showed significant activity against T. cruzi, producing more than 50 % inhibition of multiplication at or below 30 µM concentrations. Four compounds also had significant activity against L. donovani promastigotes in vitro. These findings support the common observation that antiprotozoal drugs tend to exhibit a broad spectrum of activity among various protozoans.

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Quality of Chlorine-Based Antiseptics and Disinfectants Circulating in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Microbial contamination of nonsterile pharmaceuticals in public hospital settings

Microbial contamination of nonsterile pharmaceuticals in public hospital settings

Activity of Novel Tryptophan Analogs against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani

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