Quality of Sleep in an HIV Population on Antiretroviral Therapy at an Urban Tertiary Centre in Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

Aim. To determine the prevalence of sleep disturbance and its associated characteristics in HIV-positive outpatients on HAART using the PSQI. Methods. Using a cross-sectional design, 300 patients attending the outpatient HIV/AIDS clinic at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital were recruited. Baseline data obtained included the participants' demographic data, educational qualification, and marital status. Their treatment history, including duration since HIV diagnosis, the most recent CD4 cell count, and current antiretroviral therapies, was obtained from their case records. Each participant completed the PSQI questionnaire and those with scores ≥5 were diagnosed with poor sleep quality. Results. The participants were made up of 70.7% females and 29.3% males. Their ages ranged between 18 and 74 years with a mean of 38.9 ± 10.3 years. According to the PSQI, 59.3% reported poor sleep quality. The mean score of those with poor quality sleep (9.2 ± 3.3) was comparable to that of those with good quality sleep (1.26 ± 1.4). P < 0.001. Significant differences were observed in all the individual components of the PSQI (P < 0.001). On multivariate analyses, the independent associations with sleep quality were the duration since HIV diagnosis (P = 0.29), efavirenz based regimen (P < 0.001), and lower CD4 cell count (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Sleep disturbances are quite common in the HIV population even in the era of HAART. Early recognition via routine assessment and effective treatments could prevent the resultant complications and improve quality of life.

Predictors of Sleep Disorders among HIV Out-Patients in a Tertiary Hospital

“…Moreover, the use of lamivudine and lopinavir has been shown to be associated with insomnia [24]. However, efavirenz-based therapies have been associated with sleep disorders among these groups of patients in similar studies [8,9,12,25]. In conformity with similar studies [12,25,26], lower CD4 count levels were associated with the presence of sleep disorders.…”

“…Similar studies had rates of 46.7% and 59.3%, respectively [12,23]. The different prevalence rates may be attributed to different screening tools used to assess sleep disorders in those studies.…”

“…Moreover, anxiety over the illness, financial concerns, stigmatization, depression, suicidal thoughts, and unemployment are other psychosocial causes of sleep disturbances in the HIV population [12] Sleep disturbances occur throughout the stages of the infection, being more prevalent in the advanced stage [13]. It can be associated with lack of attention, concentration, fatigue, memory/mood swings, and reduction in energy levels [14,15].…”

Characteristics of sleep disorders in Romanian adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus

“…Therefore, sleep disturbances usually influence either the physical or the psychological functioning [1]. Sleep deprivation leads to various effects, such as impaired immune system, hampered physical performance, affected cell growth and repair, deteriorated neuronal connections, neurons malfunctions [2].…”

“…Sleep deprivation leads to various effects, such as impaired immune system, hampered physical performance, affected cell growth and repair, deteriorated neuronal connections, neurons malfunctions [2]. The prevalence of sleep disorders in HIV-infected individuals was reported between 40 and 70% [1]. Sleep disturbances are developing all over the stages of HIV infection, although they are more likely in the advanced of disease [1,3].…”