“…In the 1990s, in the wake of advances in ICT, the idea of intelligence emerged, connecting technology and urban areas to improve the quality of life (Başer, Doğan, & Al-Turjman, 2019). This urban model is rooted in the initiative of American technology companies based in Silicon Valley (Yasser Wahyuddin, 2021). Although the academic literature dealing with the smart city is abundant and uses many ways of considering it (Angelidou, 2015; Bajdor & Starostka-Patyk, 2021; Guo et al , 2019; Hajek, Youssef, & Hajkova, 2022; Lim, Edelenbos, & Gianoli, 2019; Winkowska, Szpilko, & Pejić, 2019; Yigitcanlar, 2015), there is a lack of consensus on what a smart city is.…”